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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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CIHM/ICMH 

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CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
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et  de  hatt  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nccessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  methode. 


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2 

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V 


THE 


CHAUTAUQUA 
TEXT-BOOKS. 


,^^-;^ 


£:<^c^  S> 


No.  TWENTY-FOITB. 


C  ANADiAijT  History. 


By  JAMES    L.    HUGHES. 


NEW  YORK : 
PHILLIPS    &   HUNT. 

CINCINNATI : 

HITCHCOCK  &  WALDEN. 

1880. 


SBHHWHHI 


ft70 


Copyright,  1880,  by 

PHILLIPS     4^     HUNT, 

New  Yfwit. 


Ill 


PREFATORY 


Compared  with  the  nations  of  the  Old 
World  those  in  the  New  have  but  little  exter- 
nal history.  Except  during  the  French  period, 
the  history  of  Canada  consists  chiefly  of  a 
record  of  internal  progress.  During  the 
French  period  it  is  mainly  an  account  of  the 
struggles  with  the  Indians  and  English  colo- 
nists to  maintain  and  extend  the  French 
power  in  America. 

This  little  book  is  intended  to  give  an  in- 
telligent view  of  the  leading  facts  of  the  his- 
tory of  Canada  to  those  who  have  not  time 
to  read  a  larger  work  on  the  subject.  It  is 
also  designed  to  aid  students,  who  have  read 
a  more  detailed  work,  to  review  for  examina- 
tions. By  dividing  the  history  into  periods, 
and  grouping  the  events  of  each  period  into 
appropriate  classes,  instead  of  giving  them 
promiscuously  in  chronological  order,  it  ii> 
believed  that  a  student  can  in  the  shortest 
possible  time,  obtain  a  clear  view  of  the 
history  of  any  country. 

Attention  is  directed  to  the  brief  chapter 
on  the  constitutional  growth  of  Canada. 


■I    i 


CANADIAN  HISTORY. 

—        ♦      ■  II.  I  ■ 

FIRST   EXERCISE. 

Let  us  take  a  glance  at  the  Canada  of 
to-day. 

1.  Extent. — Between  the  Arctic  Ocean 
on  the  north,  and  the  United  States  on  the 
south,  lies  a  vast  tract  of  land,  the  whole 
of  which,  with  the  exception  of  Alaska 
and  Newfoundland^  is  included  in  the 
Dominion  of  Canada.  "  It  has  an 
area  of  about  three  and  a  half  mill- 
ions of  square  miles,  or  nearly  the 
same  as  that  of  the  United  States." — Har^ 
per*s  Geography, 

Its  population  is  between  four  and 
five  millions. 

2.  Territorial  Divisions: 

Provinces.  Capitals, 

Nova  Scotia Halifax. 

Prince  Edward  Island Charlottetown. 

New  Brunswick Fredericton. 

8UEBEC Quebec. 
NTARio . , Toronto. 

Manitoba Winnipeg. 

British  Columbia Victoria. 


6 


CANADIAN  HISTOBT. 


r    ■ 

i  I 


Besides  these,  there  are  the  District 
of  Keewatin  and  the  North-west  Terri- 
tory. 

Ottaura  is  the  capital  of  the  Oo« 
minion. 

3*  OoTernment, — 1.  Canada  is  a 
^colony  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland. 

< 

2.  The  country  is  ruled  by  a  Oov* 
emor-Oeneral,  who  represents  the 
Queen  or  Sovereign  of  the  United  Kmg- 
6&XXU  and  is  nominated  by  the  British 
Cabinet. 

3.  The  Governor- General  is  advised  by 
a  19Ilni§try  or  Cabinet,  consisting^ 
of  fourteen  members,  who  must  be 
members  of  the  (Senate  or  the  House 
of  CommonSe  A  ministry  remains 
in  office  only  so  long  as  it  receives  the 
support  of  the  representatives  of  the  peo- 
pHe  in  Parliament. 

4.  The  ISenate  or  Upper  Rouse 
consists  of  7§  (Senators,  who  are 
appointed  by  the  Governor-General  on 
the  advice  of  his  ministers.  They  re- 
tain their  positions  so  long  as  they  possess 
the  necessaiy  qualifications — virtually  for 
life. 


CAIS^ADIAN   HISTORY. 


District 
Terri" 

e  Do- 
la  is  a 
if  Great 

Oov- 

nts  the 
1  King- 
British 

jised  by 

pust  be 

[louse 

tialn» 

^-es  the 
le  peo- 

[ouse 

\o  are 
-al  on 
ley  re- 
lossess 
illy  for 


5.  The  House  of  Commons  or 
LiOnrer  House  has  206  members,  who 
are  elected  by  the  people  of  the  different 
provinces  every  fifth  year.  The  election 
may  be  held  at  other  times:  when  a 
ministry  is  defeated,  or  appeals  to  the 
country  for  confirmation  of  a  certain 
policy. 

6.  Each  province  has  its  own  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, and  its  own  Legislature  for 
deciding  local  questions. 

STUDENTS  REVIEW  OUTLINE. 

1.  Ex.    All  n.  of  U.  S.,  but  A.  and  N.    i%  in.    Pop. 

4-5  m. 

2.  Prov.  &  Cap.    N.-S.,  H. ;  P.-E.-I.,  C. ;  N.-B., 

F. ;  Q.,  Q. ;  O.,  T. ;  M.,  W. ;  B.-C,  V. ;  K.  & 
N.-w.  T. 

3.  Gov.  I,  C.  of  U.-K. ;  2,  riiler  G.-G. :  3,  M.  14 ;  4, 

Parl't— (S.  78  and  C.  206.) 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS, 

1.  Give  the  geof^raphical  position  of  the  Dofninion 
of  Canada. 

■       T 

2.  How  many  square'  w.il€s'6xx.^\\.  contain  ? 

3.  Name  its  seven  pr9vi»cts  and  their  capitals. 

4.  By  whom  is  the  Governor-General  appointed  \ 

5.  How  arc  the  two  houses  0/  Parliament  consti- 
tuted ? 

6.  How  many  members  are  th«re  in  each  house  ?  - , 


« 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


SECOND  EXERCISE. 

We  will  next  divide  the  history  of  Can- 
ada into  four  periods : 

1.  Indian,  3.  French, 

2.  Discovery^  4.  English. 

!•  Indian,  Algonquins.HuronSylro-' 
iquois, 

2.  DI§covery.  looi  A.D.  to  1534 — 
333  years. 

1 .  Norsemen . .  1 00 1  — Erickson . 

2.  English ....  1497 —  JohndXi^  Sebastian 

Cabot, 

3.  Portuguese  .1  ^00 — Gasfiard  CortereaL 

4.  French 1 524 —  Verazzani  ;  r  534 — 

Jacques  Cartier, 
■  3.  French.    1535  to  1763 — 228  years. 

1.  Exploration  and  settlement,  1535  to 
1663 — 128  years. 

2.  Royal  Government,  1663  to  1763 — 
.100  years. 

4.  Engliih.     1763  to  present. 
The  dividing  lines  of  this  period  are  : 

1.  Separation  of  Upper  Canada  {On- 
tario)  from  Lower  Canada^  I79i« 

2.  vUnion  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada, 
(Quebec,)  1841. 

3.  Confederatio7tt  1867. 


CANADIAN  H19V0RT., 


9 


y  of  Can- 

ich, 
:Iish. 

ehasttan 

ortereai. 
•  '534— 

:8  years. 
1535  to 


are: 
a  (On- 

anada, 


STUDENTS  REVIEW  OUTLINE, 
4  Per.    I.,  D.,  F.,  E. 
Ind.    A.,  H.,  I. 
Dis.    N'n^  E.,  rooi ;  Eng,,  J.  and  S.  C,  1497  ;  For,, 

C,  1500 ;  Fr.^  v.,  1524 ;  J.  C,  1534. 
^r.     1535*01763—228;  i,^j:.a«^i'r/.,iS35toi663— 

128 ;  2,  R.  G.^  1663  to  1763 — 100. 
Eng.     I,  Sep.  0/  U.  C,  1791 ;  2,  «/«.  ^/  £7.  antlL.  C, 

1841 ;  3,  Con.^  1867. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS, 

1.  Name  theyj?«r  periods  into  which  the  history  of 
Canada  is  divided. 

2.  Name  the  Mr^^  Indian  tribes  that  inhabited 
Canada. 

3.  Give  the  names  of  the  four  countries  connected 
with  the  discovery  of  Canada ;  the  names  of  the  lead- 
ing discoverers^  and  the  dates  of  their  discoveries. 

4.  How  long  did  the  French  period  continue  ? 

(tf .)  Exploration  and  settlement  ? 
(3.)  Royal  Government  ? 

5.  When  did  the  British  obtain  possession  of  Canada  ? 

6.  Give  the  date  of  the  union  0/  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada,  and  of  Confederation, 

THIRD   EXERCISE. 

Sketch  of  the  events  preceding  the 
French  period : 

Ist  Period.  Indian  Tribes.— 
Little  need  be  said  of  these.  Canada  was 
occupied  originally  by  three  tribes :  Al- 
ITOnquins,  Hmrons,  Iroquois. 

The  Ai§ponquin  race  occupied  Nova 


10 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


! 


Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Northern  Quebec, 
and  portions  of  the  North-west  Territory, 

The  Hurons  resided  mainly  in  the 
Province  of  Ontario,  and  the  western  part 
of  Quebec. 

The  Iroquois,  or  5/jf  Nation  Indi- 
ans, lived  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
chiefly  in  the  present  State  of  New  York. 

2d  Period.    DI§eoTery. 

1.  IVorsemen.  —  Letf    Briekson 

sailed  from  Iceland  in  looi  as  far  south 
as  New  England,  and  named  Newfound- 
land Helluoland — ^"the  land  of  broad 
stones  *' — and  Nova  Scotia  Markland — 
"  the  land  of  woods." 

2.  Ung^lista. — Stirred  to  action  by  the 
reported  success  of  Columbus,  Henry  VII. 
of  England,  desiring  to  make  good  the 
loss  he  had  sustained  by  his  refusal  to  ac- 
cept the  offer  of  that  great  navigator, 
commissioned  John  Cahot  to  go  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery  toward  the  mysteri- 
ous West,  in  search  of  "  islands  and  coun- 
tries, either  of  Gentiles  or  Infidels,  which 
had  hitherto  been  unknown  to  all  Chris-, 
tian  people ;  and  to  take  possession  of,  and 
to  set  up  his  standard  in  the  same,  as  y^s- 


.---\ 


CANADIAN    HISTOBY. 


11 


1  Quebec, 
srritory. 
y  in   the 
itcrn  part 

ton  Iftdi- 
awrence, 
ew  York. 


ickson 

far  soid^ 
jwfound- 
f  broad 
'kland — 

by  the 
iryVII. 
^ood  the 
l1  to  ac- 
igator, 
fo  on  a 
lysteri- 
coun- 
which 
Chris-, 
|of,  and 
LS  vas- 


sals of  the  crown  of  England."  In  1497 
he  discovered  Labrador,  Newfoundland^ 
Prince  Edward  Island,  2,x\6  Nova  Scotia, 
His  son  l^ba#tlan  Cab€>t  returned  to 
America  in  149§,  and  sailed  along  the 
coast  from  Labrador  to  Florida, 

3.  Portuguese.— Oa§pard    Cor- 

toreal  in  1500  sailed  along  the  coast 
from  Newfoundland  to  Greenland,  He 
returned  next  year  and  lost  his  life. 

4.  Freneli, — The  French  deserve  the 
honor  of  being  the  real  discoverers  of 
Canada.  By  them  it  was  first  explored 
and  settled.  In  1524  Terazannl  was' 
sent  out  by  the  King  of  France.  In  the 
name  of  his  king  he  took  possession  of  the 
country  from  Carolina  to  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  under  the  name  of  Neur 
France. 

Ten  years  later  came  Jacques  Car- 
tier,  v^rho  in  1535  (second  voyage)  pro- 
ceeded up  the  river  St,  Lawrence y  and 
visited  the  Indian  villages  of  Stadacona, 
(Quebec,)  and  Hochelaga^  (Montreal.) 

Cattrer  made  two  other  voyages  to  Can- 
ada, but  added  nothing  to  his  former  dis- 
coveries. 


Vi 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


STUDENT'S  REyiElV  OUTLINE. 

I.  Per.  I.  A.,  H.,  I. ;  A.  in  N.-S.,  N.-B.,  Q.  and 
N.-w. ;  H.  in  O.  and  Q. ;  I.,  s.  of  St.  L. 

IF.  Per.  Dis.  i,  N.  L.-E.,  loox.,  N,  and  N.-S.;  2, 
£.  J.  and  S.  C,  1497-8,  L.,  N.,  P.-E.-I.,  and 
N.-S. ;  3,  P.  G.-C,  1500,  from  G.  to  St.-L. ;  4, 
F.  V.  1524,  C.  to  St.  L. ;  N.  F. ;  J.  C.  1534-5, 
S.  (Q.)andH.(M.) 

REVIEJV  QUESTIONS, 
X.  Name  the  three  tribes  of  Indians  found  in  Can- 
ada, and  the /<^r/;V>«j<y^f^</«^ry  respectively  occupied 
by  them. 

2.  What  portions  of  Canada  were  sighted  by  Erick- 
tcnf 

3.  What  English  king  tent  Cabot  to  America,  and 
which  parts  did  he  visit  ? 

4.  Where  did  Cortereal  come  from  ? 

5.  Name  the  two  great  French  discoverers  of  Canada. 

6.  How  far  did  Cartier  penetrate  into  the  country  ? 

FOURTH    EXERCISE. 
■    Leading    events    connected    with    the 
French  Period. 
!•  Exploration  and  l^ettlement : 

For  a  few  years  after  the  discovery  of 
Canada  by  Jaques  Cartier,  the  French 
tried  to  secure  a  foothold  in  the  new  coun- 
try. The  attempt  proved  to  be  a  com- 
plete failure,  however,  and  for  over  flfljr 
ye^r§  Canada  was  forgotten  in  the  tur- 
moil of  civil  and  foreign  wars  at  home. 
It  was   not  until  the  time  of  Samuel 


f 

(r 


CANADIAN  HISTOBY. 


13 


LINE, 
.-B.,  Q.  and 
It.  L. 

ad  N.-S.;  2, 
P.-E.-L,  and 
to  St.-L. ;  4, 
J.  C.  X534-5, 


ound  in  Can- 
vcly  occupied 

ed  by  Erick- 

America,  and 

:rs  of  Canada, 
he  country  ? 

IE. 
with    the 

lement : 

[covery  of 

French 

lew  coun- 

)e  a  com- 

)ver  llfly 

the  tur- 

at  home. 

HSamuel 


Champlaln  that  any  successful  at- 
tempts were  made  at  colonizing  the  coun- 
try. The  French  possessions  in  North 
America  were  at  this  time —  < 

Acadie,  equal  to  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick. 

Canada,  (Quebec,)  the  territory  north 
and  west  of  Acadie. 

Champlain  was  connected  with  the 
founding-  of  the  first  town  in  both  these 
countries. 

First  town  in  Acadie^  Port  Royal^ 
1604. 

First    town    in     Canada,    <|iiebee, 

i6a§. 

Quebec  was  founded  on  the  site  of  Don- 
nacona's  Indian  village  Stadacona,  al- 
though Champlain  found  no  Indians  there 
or  at  Hochelaga.  For  over  twenty  years 
Champlain  was.  indefatigable  in  exploring 
the  new  countryr  to  whose  interests  he  de- 
cided to  devote  all  his  powers.  He  trav- 
eled over  most  of  the  province  of  Onta- 
rio, and  went  southward  as  far  as  the 
lake  which  still  bears  his  name,  and  which 
the  Indians  described  as  the  "  lake-gate  " 
to  the  country.  He  committed  the^r/^- 
071S  blunder  of  taking   the   part  of  the 


14 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


Hurons  in  a  struggle  with  the  Iroqucis^ 
and  thus  got  the  permanent  enmity  of  the 
latter.  This  in  after  years  greatly  retard- 
ed the  growth  of  the  colony. 

The  Jesuit  miisionarlei  were  the 
great  explorers  of  the  western  parts  of 
Canada.  No  men  could  follow  any  course 
with  more  persistence,  devotion,  and  self- 
sacrifice  than  they  exhibited  in  seeking  to 
Christianize  the  Indians.  They  were 
usually  the  pioneers  of  civilization.  Ban- 
croft says,  **  Not  a  cape  was  turned,  not  a 
river  was  entered,  but  a  Jesuit  led  the 
way."  They  penetrated  into  the  country 
on  both  sides  of  Lakes  Erie,  Huron, 
and  Superior. 

In  1673  Harquette  reached  and 
partly  traversed  the  Mississippi, 

In  16§1  LiU  ISalle  traveled  through 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  sailed  down 
the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth.  He  claimed 
the  whole  of  the  territory  through  which 
he  passed  for  France,  and  named  it  after 
his  king,  Louisiana,  a  name  which  the 
southern  portion  still  bears. 

The  French  thus  explored  and  claimed 
a  large  portion  of  the  United  States,  as 
well  as  Canada. 


i^^- 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


16 


r»ity  of  the 
:ly  retard- 
were  the 
parts  of 
iny  course 
and  self- 
jeeking  to 
ley    were 
Dn.     Ban- 
aed,  not  a 
it  led  the 
le  country 
Huron, 

:hed   and 

through 
led  down 
I  claimed 
;^h  which 
d  it  after 
hich  the 

claimed 
Itates,  as 


The  population  of  Canada  continued  to 
increase  during  the  French  period,  not- 
withstanding the  almost  perpetual  wars 
with  the  Iroquois  and  the  English  colo- 
nies. 

The  population  of  Canada,  including 
Acadie,  was  about  90,000  at  the  close  of 
the  French  period. 

2.  Changen  In  OoT^rnment : 

1.  YIeeroyalty  till  1627. 

2.  Ruled  by  the  Hundred  Associ- 
ates from  16!i7  to  1663. 

3.  Royal  Government  from  1663 
to  1763. 

3.  Territorial  Losses: 

1.  Aeadle,  1713,  (Treaty  of  Utrecht.) 

2.  Canada,  1763,  (Treaty  of  Paris.) 
It  will  be  noticed  that  Acadie  was  given 

up  to  the  British  just  fifty  years  after 

Royal  Government  was  established,  and 
Canada  ceded  ywst  fifty  years  later. 

Quebee  was  captured  by  the  Brit- 
ish, under  ISIr  Bavid  Kirk,  in  1629, 
and  held  for  tliree  years,  when  it  was 
restored  by  the  treaty  of  %%•  Germain 
en  liaye. 

4.  Governors:   There  were  in  all 


16 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


I   S    'iib 


13   French   Governors  from   1663    till 

1763. 
The  llr§t  was  HI.  de  Me§ey, 
The  la§t  was  Hiarquli  de  Tau* 

dreull. 
The  most  notable  was  Frontenae. 

5.  liVars :  During  the  greater  portion 
of  the  period  of  French  rule  the  colonists 
were  engaged  in  warfare  : 

1.  With  Iroquois  Indians, 

2,  With  English  Colonists, 

Cau§e§ :  These  wars  were  caused  by — 

1.  Quarrels  concerning  the/Wr  trade, 

2.  Inter-colonial  and  race  jealousies, 

3.  Wars  between  the  mother  countries, 

4.  Hatred  of  the  Iroquois  Indians  for 
the  French  and  Huron  Indians. 

1.  The  Indian  War§. — It  is  only 
necessary  to  remember  concerning  these, 
that  the  Iroquois  Indians,  who  occupied 
what  is  now  the  State  of  New  York,  were 
a  constant  source  of  worry  to  the  French. 
They  were  allied  with  the  English.  Sev- 
eral French  governors  invaded  their  ter- 
ritory in  order  to  impress  upon  their  minds* 
a  reverence  for,  and  a  dread  of,  the  French 
power.    Frontenae  alone  succeeded  in 


! 


W  1 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


ri 


1663    till 

le  Yau- 

itenac, 

:er  portion 
e  colonists 


lused  by — 

nr  trade, 
ilousies, 
countries, 
tdi'ans  for 

It  is  only 
ing  these, 
occupied 
ork,  were 
e  French, 
sh.  Sev- 
their  ter- 
eir  minds 
e  French 
ceeded  in 


accomplishing  this  result.  The  Indians 
retaliated  by  making  destructive  raids 
into  the  French  territory.  In  16§9  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  inhabitants  of  Mont- 
real were  massacred  or  t^ken  prisoners 
in  a  single  August  morning.  This  **  brain 
blow  "  reduced  the  French  to  great  straits, 
and  compelled  them  to  give  up  all  posts 
but  Quebec^  Three  Rivers,  and  Montreal, 
The  second  appointment  of  Fronfenac 
as  governor  saved  the  colony. 

a.  ^'  Killer  IVilllam's  IVar."— The 

King  of  France  undertook  to  aid  Jaine§ 
II.  of  England  after  he  had  been  driven 
from  his  throne  by  William  III.  This 
war  between  the  mother  countries  gave 
the  English  and  French  Colonists  in 
America  the  opportunity  of  settling  trad- 
ing and  territorial  disputes  by  ap- 
peal to  arms. 

Frontenae  planned  a  bold  scheme 
for  driving  the  British  colonists  out  of 
New  England  and  New  York,  He  was 
aided  by  the  Huron  Indians  ;  the  British 
had  the  assistance  of  the  Iroquois,  The 
French  were  the  aggressors.  All  along 
the  border  line  they  and  their  allied  In- 

2 


i 


'!llt 


'III 


18 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


dians  made  raids  on  the  defenseless  set- 
tlements, destroyed  property,  and  carried 
away  the  settlers  as  prisoners,  or  submit- 
ted them  to  the  horrors  of  Indian  torture. 
The  French  had  numerous  privateers, 
also,  which  did  much  injury  to  the  En- 
glish settlements  along*  the  Atlantic  coast. 

The  colonists  in  Hassachusetts  and 
New  York  undertook  to  be  avenged  for 
these  outrages  by  an  invasion  of  Acadie 
and  Cafiada,  Massachusetts  sent  an  ex- 
pedition under  Sir  Wiiliam  Phipps 
against  Acadie,  which  succeeded  in  taking 
its  chief  towHy  Port  Royal,  in  1690. 
Phipps  then  proceeded  to  attack  Que- 
bec, but  was  repulsed  by  Frontenac, 

In  the  West  no  great  successe  vvere 
achieved  by  either  side.  The  English 
sent  a  force  under  a  son  of  Governor  Win- 
throp  to  attack  FTontreal.  Sickness 
and  other  discouragements  prevented  his 
proceeding  farther  than  Lake  George, 
however.  Frontenac  made  a  triumphal 
march  through  the  Iroquois  territory  to- 
ward, the  close  of  the  war,  but  with  little 
result. .  The  savage  Iroquois  were  less 
treacherous  and  less  brutal  than  their 
white  foes,  and  they  had  much  reason  for 


5eless  set- 
id  carried 
)r  submit- 
in  torture, 
privateers, 
)  the  En- 
ntic  coast. 
sett§  and 
venged  for 
of  Acadie 
ent  an  ex- 
Phipp§ 
:l  in  taking 
in  1690. 
ick  Qiie- 
ntenae. 
sse    vvere 
English 
•nor  Win- 
Sickness 
^ented  his 
George, 
:riumphal 
[ritory  to- 
'ith  "little 
^ere  less 
ian   their 
:ason  for 


CANADIAN   HISTORY.) 


19 


the  threat  that  the  **  French  would  find- 
peace  only  in  their  graves." 
The  Treaty  of  Ry§wick,   1697, 

brought  King  William's  War  to  a  close, 
and  restored  to  each  contending  party  the 
territory  lost  during  the  war. 

3.  ^^  queen    Aiine'i    IVar."— In 
1704  the  French  again  began  to  harrass 
the  English  settlers.    In  that  year  Deer- 
field  (Mass.)  was  suddenly  attacked  in 
midwinter,  and  m^n,  women,  and  children 
killed  or  made  captive.     The  town  was 
completely  destroyed.     The  same  course 
was  followed  by  the  French  at  Haver- 
hill, (N.  H.,)  four  years  later.     The  colo- 
nists appealed  to  England  for  help,  but  it 
was  long  in  coming,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the   "  War  of  the  Spanish   Succession  " 
gave  the  British  troops  enough  to  do  in 
Europe.    At  length  it  came,  however,  and 
in  1710  Oeneral  IVieliolson   took 
Port   Royal,  the  capital  of  Acadie. 
He  changed  its  name  to  Annapoll§,  in 
honor  of  his  queen,  and  planted  on  its 
fortress  the  British  standard  so  firmly  that 
it  has  not  since  been  replaced  by  that  of 
any  other  nation. 

In  the  following  year  large  expeditions 


20 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


W I 


were  sent  against  Quebec  and  Hloiit- 
jreal,  led  respectively  by  Sir  Moven- 
den  liValker  and  General  IVieliol- 
non.     Both  were  unsuccessful. 

In  1713  the  Treaty  of  UtreeM 
was  signed,  and  Aeadie,  Neivfound- 
fiand  and  Hud§on'§  Bay  Territory 
passed  into  the  possession  of  the  English. 

4.  Peppereil'9  InTa§ion.  —  In 
1743  the  "  JVar  of  the  Austrian  Succes- 
Sfon**  drew  the  nations  of  Europe  into 
conflict.  Since  \os\i\g  Acadi'e  i\\t  French 
had  erected  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses 
m  the  world  on  the  island  of  Cape  Bre- 
ton. This  they  named  LiOaisburiEr, 
in  honor  of  their  king.  It  was  an  im- 
portant naval  station,  was  the  key  to  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  was  so  situated  that 
vessels  could  easily  make  descents  upon 
the  coast  of  New  England,  and  do  great 
injury  to  its  commerce.  In  addition  to 
these  annoyances,  an  expedition  was  sent 
from  Louisburg  to  attack  Annapolis. 
The  French  were  thus  once  more  the  first 
to  commence  hostilities.  The  f)eople  of 
New  England  determined  to  drive  out  the 
troublesome  French  from  their  strong- 
hold, so  they  quietly  organized  an  army  of 


l||!l 


■11)  ■ 


J 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


21 


fid  moht- 

Hoven- 

I  Nicliol- 

r 

'• 

Utrecht 
urfound- 
I'orritory 

le  English. 
Ion.  —  In 
'an  Success 
urope  into 
the  French 
t  fortresses 
ape  Bre- 

nisburjET, 

as  an  im- 
key  to  the 
uated  that 
ents  upon 
do  great 
ddition  to 
I  was  sent 
napolin. 
e  the  first 
people  of 
ve  out  the 
strong- 
n  amriy  of 


three  thousand  llassaeliasetts  farmers, 
with  about  a  thousand  others  from  CoI«^' 
necticut  and  Nei¥  IIainp§hire,  un- 
der the  command  of  l¥illiain    Pep-^ 

perell,  a  Maine  merchant.  The  result 
was  that  I^ouisburgp  was  taken  in 
1745,  much  to  the  joy  of  the  New  En- 
glanders  and  to  the  annoyance  of  the 
French  court.  The  Boston ians  were 
much  chagrined,  however,  when,  three 
years  later,  the  British  surrendered  Louis- 
burg,  at  the  Treaty  of  Aix-la^€liapell€), 
in  exchange  for  other  territory. 

5.  The  "  Seven- Years'  War.'^-^ 
This  war  settled  the  question  of  English 
supremacy  in  North  America.  The 
French  assumed  the  control  of  all  the 
country  between  the  great  lakes  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  refused  to  allow  any  En- 
glish traders  in  that  territory.  By  claim- 
ing too  much  they  lost  all.  The  struggle 
began  in  disputes  concerning  the  rig^ht 
to  trade  in  the  Ohio  Talley. 
Oeorge  Washington  was  sent  to 
protest  against  the  conduct  of  the  French, 
but  he  was  not  even  permitted  to  discuss 
the  matter.    The  French  officer  in  com- 


02 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


mand  of  the  district  simply  said,  *'  I  am 
here  to  obey  orders.  My  orders  are  to 
seize  every  Englishman  in  the  Ohio  Val- 
ley, and  I  will  do  it." 

The  English  started  to  build  a  fort  near 
the  site  of  PiU§bur|B|^h9  (Pa.,)  but 
they  were  driven  away  by  the  French, 
who  finished  the  fort  and  named  it  Fort 
I>u  Quesno,  after  the  governor.  Wash- 
ington attempted  to  establish  himself  at 
Fort  Necessity,  but  on  the  4lh  of  July, 
1754,  he  was  driven  from  his  position, 
and  the  French  remained  masters  of  the 
Ohio  Valley. 

In  1755  Oencral  Braddoek  was 
sent  from  England  to  take  command  of 
the  British  forces  in  America.  After  a 
conference  with  the  governors  of  the  vari- 
ous colonies  it  was  decided  to  attack  the 
French  at  four  points. 

1.  In  the  Ohio  Valley. 

2.  In  IVoTa  ISeotia,  (for  expulsion.) 

3.  In  the  l.ake  Ckamplain  district. 

4.  At  IViag^ara. 

t.  Braddock  himself  took  command 
of  the  army  of  the  Ohio,  but  was  defeated 
and  killed  while  on  his  way  to  Fort  Du 
<|ue9ne,  and  his  army  nearly  annihilated. 


ir. 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


23 


said,  - 1  am 
rclers  are  to 
le  Ohio  Val- 

d  a  fort  near 
(Pa..)  but 
he  French, 
eel  it  Fort 
or.  Wash- 
himself  at 
»  of  July, 
>s  position, 
ters  of  the 

lock  was 

nimand  of 
After  a 
( the  vari- 
ittack  the 


>uIsion.) 
1  district. 

ommand 
defeated 
ort  Du 

"hilated. 


2.  The  Acadian§  were  expelled  from 
IVova  H^cotia  in  1755.  Longfellow's 
"  Evangeline  "  is  based  on  this  event. 

3.  The  other  two  expeditions  were  fruit- 
less. 

In  1756  the  French  captured  the  Brit- 
ish forts  at  0§¥irego,  and  in  1757  they 
took  Fort  YTilliam  Henry.  Gen- 
eral Montcalm  was  clearly  master  of 
the  English. 

However,  Pitt  now  sent  out  some  ^ood 
generals  to  take  command  of  the  British. 

In  175§  the  French  were  attacked  by 
three  separate  forces. 

1.  In  the  Easf,  Amherst  and  IVolfe 

secured  Louisburg,  the  key  to  Canada 
from  the  ocean. 

2.  In  the  H'^esff  Fort  Du  Que§ne 

was  taken,  and  named  Fort  Pitt.  This 
separated  the  French  on  the  Mississippi 
from  those  on  the  St.  Lawrence, 

3.  In  the  center  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
was  made  to  drive  the  French  from  the 
Lake  Champlain  district.  Abercrombie 
was  defeated  at  Ticoiideroga. 

In  1759  "ii^olfe  captured  <l|ue- 
bec.     His  army  performed  the  remark- 


24 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


in  I 


able  feat  of  climbing  the  rugged  preci- 
pices above  the  city  during  the  weary 
hours  of  a  September  night,  while  the 
British  fleet  kept  the  attention  of  the 
French  engaged  by  a  pretended  attack 
from  below.  In  the  morning  the  French 
were  astounded  to  find  the  English  in  bat- 
tle array  on  the  Heights  of  Abra- 
ham. Montcalm,  however,  boldly 
advanced  to  give  them  battle.  His  army 
was  speedily  defeated  by  Wolfe,  Both 
commanders  were  mortally  wounded  dur- 
ing the  conflict.  They  had  in  their  youth 
been  educated  together  in  the  same  mili- 
tary academy.  Wolfe  died  on  the  field. 
Montcalm  died  next  morning.  Wolfe, 
learning  that  the  French  lines  were  giving 
way  every-where,  died  with  the  words, 
"God  be  praised  !  I  die  in  peace."  Mont- 
calm, on  being  informed  that  he  could  not 
live  many  hours,  replied,  "  I  am  happy 
that  I  shall  die  before  the  surrender  of 
Quebec." 

Five  days  after  the  battle,  on  the  Plains 
of  Abraham,  Quebec  was  surrendered  to 
the  English. 

During  1759  8ir  ^l^llllam  Johns- 
ton captured  the  fort  at  l¥iagara,  and 


CANADIAN    niSTOItY. 


25 


:ged  preci- 
the  weary 

while  the 
on  of  the 
led  attack 
he  French 
lish  in  bat- 
f  Abra- 
er,    boldly 

His  army 
re.     Both 
nded  dur- 
leir  youth 
ame  mili- 
the  field. 
Wolfe, 
ire  giving 
e  words, 
'    Mont- 
:ouId  not 
n  happy 
ender  of 

e  Plains 
lered  to 

Fohns- 

•a,  and 


cut  off  completely  the  French  communi- 
cation with  the  Ohio  Valley. 

In  the  same  year  Amherst  gained  pos- 
session of  the  forts  on  Lake  Champlain. 

In  1760  Montreal  was  taken  by 
Oeuerals  Ain1ier§t  and  Murray, 
and  French  rule  practically  ended  in 
America. 

Canada  was  formally  given  to  the  Brit- 
ish at  the  Treaty  of  Pari§,  1763. 

STUDENT'S  REVIEW  OUTLINE. 

1.  Ex.  and  Set.     Ter."- A.  and  C.  ;  their  chief  towns 

P.-R.,  1604,  and  Q.,  1608  ;  founded  by  C.  In 
1673  M.,  and  in  1681  L.-S.  Ex.  and  CI.  the  M. 
Ter.  ;  Pop.  at  close  of  F.  per.,  90,000. 

2.  Gov't.     I.  V.-R.  till  1627  ;  2.  C.  of  H.-A.  1627  to 

1663 ;  3.  R.  G.  from  1663  to  1763. 

3.  Ter.  Loss.    A.  1713,  (T.  of  U.) ;  C.  1763,  (T.  of  P.) 

4.  Gov.     In  all,  13  ;  first,  M.  de  M.  ;  last,  V. ;  best,  F. 

5.  Wars.     Causes  :  i.  F.-T.  ;  a.  I.  and  R.  J. ;  3.  W. 

bet.  M.  C.  ;  4.  Ir.  H. 

1.  Ind.  numerous.    M.  dest.  1689  ;  C.  saved  by  F. 

2.  K,  W.  W.    SirW.  Ph.  cap.  P..R.  in  A.,  and  was 

rep.  at  Q.  ;  A.  res.  by  T.  of  R.  1697. 

3.  Q.A.  W.     F.  burned  D.,  (M.,)  and  H.,  (N.  H.) 

Gen.  N.  took  P.  R.,  and  named  it  A.  ;  in  1713 
A.,  N.,  and  H.-B.-T.  given  to  E.  by  T.  of  U. 

4.  P,  I.  Sir  W.  Pep.  cap.  L.  in  1745  ;  res.  to  F.  in  1748, 

at  T.  A.-l.-C. 

5.  7-r.  W.    F.  seized  E.  in  O.  V. ;  F.-D.-Q.    B.  def. 

and  A.'s  driven  from  N.-S.  in  1755 ;  in  1756  F. 
cap.  O.,  and  in  1757,  F.  W.  H.  ;  in  1758  A.  ami 


§ 


:    «'      J 


I  fflffl 


(       i 


mm  ! 


20  CANADIAN   HISTOKY. 

W.  cap.  L. ;  F.-D.-Q.  cap.  and  named  F.  P. ; 
A.  def.  at  T.  ;  in  1759  W.  cap.  Q.,  and  Sir  W« 
J.,  N. ;  in  1760,  M.  taken  by  A.  and  M.  C. 
given  formally  to  E.  in  1763,  by  T.  of  P. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS, 

1.  Who  was  the  great  French  explorer  of  Canada  ? 

2.  Give  the  dates  of  the  founding  of  Port  Royal  and 
Quebec. 

3.  When  was  the  Mississippi  explored  by  La  Salle  ? 

4.  What  was  tlxe  population  of  Canada  and  Acadie 
at  the  close  of  the  French  period  ? 

5.  State   the   changes   in    government    during   the 
French  period. 

6.  When  did  Acadie  become  an  English  colony  ? 

7.  Name  the  first,  last,  and  best  governor  during  the 
French  period. 

8.  Briefly  sketch  the  Indian  IVars  of  the  French 
period. 

9.  Name  the  four  great  colonial  wars  of  this  period. 

10.  State   their  causes^  their  leading  events^  and 
their  results. 


FIFTH  EXERCISE. 

Events  of  British  rule  prior  to  1791. 
1.  Wars.  There  were  two  important 
wars  during  this  period  : 

1.  Pontiac*s  War, 

2.  The  Revolutionary  War, 

I.  Pont^iacs  War.  The  Indian  allies 
of  the  French  were  unwilling  to  submit 
to  the  British,  and  Pontiac,  a  remarkably 


lamcd  F.  P. ; 
,,  and  Sir  W« 
,  and  M.  C. 
.of  P. 


of  Canada  ? 
ort  Royal  and 

by  La  Salle  ? 
la  and  Acadie 

t    during   the 

h  colony  ? 
lor  during  the 

)f  the  French 

of  this  period. 
events^  and 


3   I79I. 

important 


Han  allies 
o  submit 
markably 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


27 


clever  and  statesman-like  chief,  organized 
a  plot  for  the  extermination  of  the  En- 
glish. He  planned  a  wide  scheme  of  at- 
tack, and  succeeded  in  capturing  several 
forts  and  doing  much  harm  on  the  v^est- 
ern  and  south-western  borders  of  Canada. 
He  besieged  Detroit  for  fifteen  months 
without  success.  It  was  during  this  war 
that  Michilimackinac  was  captured  by  the 
Indians  while  playing  a  game  of  La 
Crosse  ostensibly  for  the  amusement  of 
the  whites.  The  ball  was  thrown  during 
the  game  within  the  walls  of  the  fort,  and 
the  red  players  rushed  in  after  it  and  took 
possession  of  the  fort. 

2.  The  Revolutionary  War,  When  the 
American  colonists  revolted  they  tried 
hard  to  secure  the  co-operation  of  the 
Canadians.  Failing  in  this,  they  sent  an 
army  to  take  possession  of  Canada.  It 
was  commanded  by  Oeneral  mont- 
g^omery  and  Colonels  Arnold  and 
Allen.  The  expedition  failed,  Mont- 
gomery was  killed  in  an  unsuccessful  at- 
tack on  Quebec,  and  Allen  and  his  army 
made  prisoners  at  Iflontreal. 

2.  Constitutional  Oroirth.  It 
was  a  difficult  matter  for  the  British  to 


.rl 


%  -i 


1551 


!     ■ 


i!i: 


28 


CANADIAN    HI8TORY. 


decide  how  best  to  govern  Canada.  The 
population  was  ahnost  entirely  French, 
who  had  been  accustomed  to  be  ruled  by 
a  kind  of  military  and  religious  despotism. 
They  had  been  allowed  no  voice  in  the 
formation  of  their  laws.  The  Custom  of 
Paris  had  prevailed  in  Canada.  From 
1760  to  1764  the  country  was  governed 
by  military  rule.  Then  the  Royal 
Proclamation  of  Oeorge  III.  sub- 
stituted English  laiv  for  the  Custom  of 
Paris,  This  jcaused  much  annoyance  to 
the  French  settlers.  The  British  laws 
relating  to  the  tenure  of  land  and  trial 
by  jury  they  specially  disliked.  Roman 
Catholics  were  also  excluded  from  offices 
of  state,  as  they  were  in  England  for  about 
sixty  years  later.  After  careful  consider- 
ation the  Quebec  Act  was  passed  in 
1774  by  the  British  Parliament.  This 
removed  the  disabilities  from  Roman 
Catholics,  and  restored  the  French  civil 
laws,  retaining  the  English  law  in  Crim- 
inal cases.  It  also  gave  an  appointed 
council  to  advise  the  governor.  The  Que- 
bec Act  gave  unbounded  satisfaction  to 
the  French  population  in  Canada,  and 
fixed    their    adherence    to    the    British 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


29 


da.     Tlie 
f  French, 
I  ruled  by 
lespotism. 
ce  in  the 
Custom  of 
a.     From 
governed 
t  Royal 
III.  sub- 
Custom  of 
oyance  to 
tish   laws 
and   trial 
Roman 
m  offices 
for  about 
consider- 
assed  in 
nt.     This 
Roman 
nch  ctvzl 
in  Crtm- 
ppointed 
he  Que- 
action  to 
ada,  and 
British 


throne  so  firmly  that  they  could  not  be 
moved  by  the  most  persuasive  arguments 
of  the  American  colonists,  who  revolted 
from  British  rule  in  the  same  year  in 
which  it  was  passed. 

The  British  settlers  were  dissatisfied 
with  the  provisions  of  the  Quebec  Act. 
They  desired  a  better  administration  of 
justice,  and  they  claimed  an  elective  par- 
liament. The  result  of  their  agitations 
was  the  passage  in  1791  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Aet.  This  divided  Canada 
into  Upper  and  Ijou^er  Canada.  It 
granted  to  each  province  a  Lieutenant- 
Governor  and  an  appointed  Council,  and 
gave  the  right  of  electing  an  Assembly. 

3.  Pro|fre§8.  The  population  in- 
creased rapidly  during  this  period,  and 
amounted  to  150,000  at  the  close,  in 
upper  and  Lower  Canada,  The  most 
notable  settlers  were  the  United  IBm- 
pire  liOyalists,  who  had  to  leave  their 
homes  in  the  revolted  colonies  during 
the  Revolutionary  War  on  account  of 
their  loyalty  to  the  British  Empire.  About 
20,000  settled  in  what  is  now  New 
Brunswick,  and  10,000  found  homes  in 
Ontario.     The  British  Parliament  granted 


so 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


a  large  sum  to  indemnify  them  for  their 
losses,  besides  giving  them  grants  of  land 
in  Canada. 

Prince  Edirard  I§land  was  or- 
ganized as  a  separate  province  in  1770^ 
and  NeMT  !Brun§irick  in  17§4. 

The  Quebec  Gazette,  the  first  Ca- 
nadian newspaper,  was  issued  in  1764. 

King's  College,  the  oldest  in  the 
Dominion,  was  founded  in  1789,  in 
Windsor,  Nova  Scotia. 


Ill 


STUDENT'S  REVIEi/  OUTLINE, 

Br.  rule  before  1791. 

1.  Wars.  Pont,  and  Rev.  P.  took  several  forts  ; 
failed  to  take  D.  2.  Rev.  Am.  inv.  Can.  M.,  Ar., 
and  Al.  ;  M.  killed  at  Q.     Al.  pris.  at  M. 

a.  Cons.  Gr.  i.  Mil,  Gov.  1760  to  1764  ;  2.  Roy. 
Proc.  of  Geo.  III.,  1764  to  1774  ;  Queb.  A .  1774  to  1791. 

3.  Projf.  I.  Pop.  150,000  in  U.  and  L.-C.  30,000 
U.-E.-L.  ;  2.  P.-E.-I.  organ.  1770  and  N.-B.  in  1784; 
3.  ist.  N.-p.  the  Q.  G.  in  1764;  1st,  coll.  W.  in  N.-S. 
X789. 

EXAMINATION  QUESTIONS, 

X.  Name  the  wars  in  Canada  between  1760  and 
X79X. 

2.  Briefly  sketch  the  invasion  of  Canada  by  the 
Americans  during  the  Revolutionary  War. 

3.  Name  the  three  changes  in  constitution  which 
took  place  during  this  period. 

4.  What  led  to  the  passage  of  the  Quebec  A  ct^  and 
what  were  its  most  important  provisions  f 

5.  Who  were  the  United  Empire  Loyalists? 


CAI^ADIAN   HISTORY. 


31 


for  their 
ts  of  land 

[  was  or- 
in  1770, 

first  Ca- 

1764. 
>t   in  the 
7§9,    in 

NE. 

veral  forts  ; 
.     M.,  Ar., 

4  ;  2.  Roy, 
77^  to  lygi. 
•Q,  30,000 
B.  in  1784; 
V.  in  N.-S. 

5". 
Z760  and 

da  by  the 

ion  which 

:  A  cty  and 

tsf 


6.  What  brought  about  the  passage  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Act? 

7.  When  was  tiie  first  newspaper  issued  in   Can- 
ada ? 

8.  When  and  where  was  the  first  college  founded  in 
Canada  ? 


SIXTH  EXERCISE. 

History  from  the  Separation  in 
1 791  till  the  Union  in  1841. 

1,  Wars,  Foreign,  *'War  of 
1812.'> 

Civil,  Rebellion,  1§37. 

I.  ''War  of  1812."  This  was  caused 
by  the  British  government  making  stren- 
uous efforts  to  checkmate  Napoleon  in 
his  weak  attempt  to  blockade  English 
ports.  They  passed  an  "Order  in 
Couneil''  prohibiting  all  foreign  ves- 
sels from  trading  with  the  P>ench,  on 
penalty  of  seizure.  They  also .  claimed 
the  "Right  of  Search,"  in  order  to  ex- 
amine any  foreign  vessels  with  a  view  of 
finding  deserters.  The  l>enioeratic 
party  in  Congress  urged  strongly  for  war. 
The  IV'diir  £ng[lancl  lState§  strong^ly 
**  objeeted,  and  held  that  the  war  was 
a  rash,  unwise,  and  inexpedient  measure." 


32 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


A  convention  from  different  parts  of  New 
York  State  declared  the  invasion  of  Can- 
ada to  be  "  inconsistent  with  the  spirit  of 
the  federal  compact."  Flags  in  Boston 
harbor   were    hung    at    "half-mast"   in 

token  of  sorrow  at  the  declaration  of  war. 

• 

Many  Americans  expected  that  Canada 
would  be  glad  of  assistance  in  "  breaking 
from  British  bonds/'  and  it  was  known 
that  England  was  taxed  to  her  utmost 
limit  by  the  struggle  with  Napoleon. 
However,  the  Canadians,  both  in  Upper 
and  Lower  Canada,  hastened  to  resist  in- 
vasion in  the  most  loyal  mannen 

E:¥ent§  of  1§1S.  The  Americans 
invaded  Canada  at  three  points :  "De- 
troit, IViagpara,  and  by  way  of  Lake 
Ctaamplain.  All  three  attempts  proved 
failures.  In  the  IVes^  General  Broek 
captured  fort  Maekinae,  drove  Gen- 
eral Hull  out  of  Canada,  and  forced 
him  to  surrender  at  I>etroit.  In  the 
cefUer  the  Americans  were  defeated  at 
^ueenston  Hel^^lits.  The  brave 
Brock  was  killed  at  this  battle.  In  the 
East  the  invading  army  retired  after  a 
slight  skirmish  near  Rouse's  Point. 
On  the  ocean  the  American  ships  Con- 


CANADIAN   HISTORY* 


83 


s  of  New 
1  of  Can- 
;  spirit  of 
1  Boston 
nast"   in 

n  of  war. 

• 

Canada 
breaking 
s  known 
r  utmost 
fapoleon. 
n  Upper 
resist  in- 


:s 


mericans 
:  De- 
Lake 

s  proved 
Broek 
Oen- 

forced 
In  the 
:ated  at 

brave 

In  the 

after  a 

oint. 

€oii- 


j«titutton  and  Unfted  l^tate§  captured 
three  British  vessels. 

Erent§  of  1§13.  The  general  plan 
of  invasion  in  this  year  was  similar  to 
that  of  i8i2.  In  the  West  General 
Proetor  defeated  the  Americans  at 
Frenehto\iriiy  but  he  and  the  cele- 
brated chief  Tecumseh  were  after- 
wards defeated  at  Moravian  Toi¥n 
by  Creneral  Harrison,  In  the  center 
the  Americans  captured  Forts  York 
(Toronto)  and  Oeorg^e,  but  were  de- 
feated at  IStoney  Creek,  near  Hamil- 
ton, and  Beaver  Dams,  near  Thorold. 
In  the  East  two  strong  armies  intended 
to  attack  Montreal,  one  by  way  of  the  St, 
Lawrence y  the  other  from  Lake  CkamY 
plain.  Both  were  defeated  by  forces 
scarcely  a  tithe  of  their  number,  the  forr 
mer  at  Chrysler's  Farm,  and  the 
latter  at  Chateaugay.  On  the  ocean 
the  British  had  the  advantage,  the  most 
notable  event  being  the  capture,  of  the 
Chesapeake  by  the  ([Shannon,  near 
Boston.  The  Americans  were  victorious 
on  liake  £rie  ^under  Commodore 
Perry. 

£vents  of  1§14.  Notwithstanding 
3 


H.L'itMi'.  ,^\. 


ii        ■!!::• 


* 


34 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


the  reverses  of  1813  the  Americans  con- 
tinued the  war.  The  first  invasion  was 
made  in  the  direction  of  Montreal.  It 
was  repulsed,  however,  by  a  small  force 
in  l<a  Colle  Mill.  In  the  Niagara 
district  battles  were  fought  at  Cbip« 
peira  and  I^undy'9  Lane.  In  the 
first  the  Americans  were  victorious  ;  after 
the  latt  r  they  retreated  precipitately  to 
Fort  Erie. 

Peace  was  declared  at  Ghent  in  1§14. 

/.    BATTLES  OF  THE  "WAR  OF  l8l2."  ; 


Battles. 

Dates, 

IVon  by 

Mackinac 

■  'Detroit 

X8l2 

44 

ii 
44 

18x3 

4k 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 

x8c4 

44 

44 

British. 
44 

44 

> 
44 

Americans. 
44 

British. 

44 

44 
44 

41 

Americans. 
British. 

Queenston  Heights.... 

Rouse's  Point 

French  town 

Moravian  Town 

Fort  York 

'Fort'  George '...:. 

"Stonev  Creek 

■  Beaver  Dams 

Chrysler's  Farm 

Chateaugay 

La  Colle  Mill 

Chippewa.  — 

Lundy's  Lane 

2,  The  Rebellion  of  \Zyj ,  For  several 
years  an  agitation  had  been  going  on 
both  in  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  in  fa- 
vor of  Re§pon§lble  Oovernment. 


if- 


CANADIAN  HISTOBY. 


35 


:ans  con- 
ision  was 
treal.  It 
lall  force 
Niagara 
t  Cbip- 
In  the 
»us ;  after 
itately  to 

in  1§14. 

1 812."; 

^on  by 
British. 

4i 

> 

mericans. 
*» 
ik 

British. 

4i 
ii 
ti 
il 

lericans. 
British. 

•  several 
oing  on 
a  in  fa- 
imenf. 


The  leaders  in  this  needed  reform  were 
IVilliain  Lyon  M'Kenzie,  in  Upper 
Canada,    and    Liouii    Papineau,    in 

Lower  Canada,  Failing  to  secure  their 
ends  by  appeal  to  the  British  Parliament 
they  decided  to  rebel.  Time  has  proved 
their  demands  to  have  been  reasonable. 
M'Kenzie  and  his  friends  had  special 
reason  to  feel  aggrieved  at  his  treatment 
by  the  dominant  Family  Compact, 
but  even  in  his  case  it  was  neither  right 
nor  prudent  to  substitute  rebellion  for 
constitutional  effort.  Both  leaders,  but 
especially  Papineau,  aimed  at  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  Republic.  Both  attempts 
to  overthrow  the  British  power  were 
hastily  made,  and  both  were  total  failures. 
The  leaders  fled  to  the  United  States. 
For  about  a  year  bands  of  sympathizing 
Americans  hovered  about  the  frontier  of 
Canada.  The  largest  of  these  occupied 
Navy  Island^  in  the  Niagara  River. 
There  M'Kenzie  was  proclaimed  "Presi- 
dent of  Canada,"  and  from  his  head-quar- 
ters he  issued  manifestoes,  one  of  which 
offered  a  reward  for  the  capture  of  the 
Governor  of  Canada.  The  most  exciting 
incident  in  connection  with  this  absurd 


36 


CANADIAir   HISTOBY. 


mi> 


movement  was  the  burning  of  the  Caro* 
line,  a  steamer  employed  in  bringing 
provisions  to  Navy  Island  from  the 
American  shore.  A  few  adventurous 
Canadians  seized  her  and,  setting  her  on 
fire  in  mid-river,  allowed  her  to  float  over 
the  falls.  On  the  whole  it  is  to  be  re- 
gretted that  even  a  few  good  men  volun- 
tarily associated  the  idea  of  rebellion  with 
that  of  reform. 

Boundary  Disputes,  especially 
with  reference  to  the  line  between  Maine 
and  New  Brunswick  caused  imminent 
danger  of  war  during  this  period.  They 
were  finally  settled  by  the  Ashburton 
Treaty, 

2.  Constitutional  Growth.  This 
period  of  fifty  years  may  be  briefly  de- 
scribed as  that  of  the  rise,  rule,  and  down- 
fall of  the  Family  Compaet,  and  the 
struggle  for  Responsible  Govern- 
luent.  The  Constitutional  Act  of  1791 
left  the  appointment  of  the  Cabinet  or 
Ministry  in  the  hands  of  the  Governor. 
Its  members  were  quite  irresponsible  to 
the  people.  This  controlled  the  elected 
Assembly,  so  that  in  reality  the  people  had 
little  to  say  in  the  making  or  administra- 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


37 


e  Caro* 

bringing 
rom  the 
enturous 
g  her  on 
loat  over 
o  be  re- 
in volun- 
lion  with 

;specially 
n  Maine 
mminent 
I.  They 
l>urton 

h.  This 
efly  de- 
d  down- 
and  the 
K>vern- 
of  I 791 
Dinet  or 
overnor. 
sible  to 
elected 
)ple  had 
linistra- 


tion  of  the  laws.  Many  grievous  abuses 
grew  out  of  this  system,  the  most  odious 
being  the  formation  of  the  Family 
Compact,  consisting  of  the  Legislative 
Council,  the  irresponsible  Cabinet,  and 
their  office-holders  throughout  the  coun- 
try. They  attempted  to  form  a  privi- 
leged, patrician  class,  and  indignantly  re- 
sented the  demands  of  the  people  for 
reforms  and  equal  rights.  The  struggle 
between  the  elected  and  appointed  legis- 
lators led  to  the  Rebellion  in  1§37, 
and  brought  about  the  pasisage  of  the 
Union  Act  which  came  into  force  in 
1841. 

3.  Progress.  The  population  of 
Upper  and  Lower  Canada  increased  from 
1 50,000  to  1 ,  1 56,000,  an  increase  of  over  a 
million.  Public  schools  w^ere  established 
by  law  in  Upper  Canada,  New  Brunswick, 
and  Norua  Scotia,  Several  colleges  were 
founded  ;  newspapers  multiplied  ;  a  num- 
ber of  banks  were  opened ;  manufactures 
increased,  regular  lines  of  steamers  were 
established,  and  the  country  opened  up  by 
leading  roads.  Slavery  was  abolished  in 
Upper  Canada  in  1793,  and  declared  to 
be  illegal  in  Lower  Canada  in  1803. 


38 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


Toronto,  under  the  name  of  York,  be- 
came the  Capital  of  Upper  Canada  in  1796, 
as  it  was  held  that  Newark  (Niagara)  was 
too  near  the  American  frontier. 


STUDENTS'  REVIEW  OUTLINE, 

From  1791  to  1841 — fifty  years. 

I.  Wara.  I.  For.  "  1812."  2.  Reb.  1837.  Ev.  of 
i«!a.  Am.  dteU  at  Mac.^  Det.,  Q.-H.^  and  /?.-/'.  On 
ocean.  Am.  vie.  Cons,  and  U.S.  Ev.  of  1813.  Am. 
def.  at  Fr.^  S.-C,  B.-D,,  C-F.,  and  Ch.,  also  Ches, 
and  Shan,;  Am.  vie.  at  Mor.-T,^  K.,  and  F.-G.^  also 
oti  L.  E.  Ev.  of  18x4.  Am.  def.  at  L.-C.^  M.^  and 
L,-L. :  Am.  vie.  at  Ch.  Reb.  of  1837.  M.  in  U.- 
C,  and  P.  in  L.-C,  both  def. 

^.  Cons.  Gr»  Strug,  for  Res,  Gov.  led  to  Un.  Ac, 
of  1841. 

3.  Prog.  Pop,  incr.  over  a  mil. ;  Pub.  Sck,  est.  by 
law  in  U.-C..,  N.-B,,  and  N.-S. ;  col.  nenvs.y  ban.y 
steam, y  and  roads  ;  si,  ab.  \n  U.-C.  in  1793,  dee.  ill.  in 
L.-C.  in  1803.     Tor.y  cap.  of  U.-C.  in  1796. 

EXAMINA  TION  QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  led  to  the  war  of  1812  f 

2.  Sketch  the  events  of  1812,  1813,  and  18x4. 

3.  What  is  meant  by  the  Fatnily  Compact  ? 

4.  What  led  to  the  Rebellion  of  1837? 

5.  Name  the  leaders  of  the  discontented. 

6.  What  were  the  two  leading  features  of  the  Union 
Billf 

7.  Sketch  the  progress  made  between  1791  and 
1841. 

&.  When  did  Toronto  become  capital  of  Upper 
Canada  ? 


CANADIAN    HISTOBY. 


39 


York,  be- 
lain  1796, 
g^ara)  was 


37.    Ev.  of 

!/?.-/'.     On 

1813.    Am. 

,   also  Ches» 

F.'G.^  also 

^M  M.^  and 

M.  in  U.- 

to  Un.  Ac. 

'ch.  est.  by 

dec.  ill.  in 


?. 


P4. 
9 


le  Union 

1 791   and 

Upper 


SEVENTH  EXERCISE. 

Events  from  the  Union  till  Confederal 
tion. 

1.  €liange§  of  Capital.  The  ^<r/ 
of  Union  came  into  force  in  1841.  Kings^ 
ton  was  at  first  selected  as  the  capital, 
Montreal  became  the  seat  of  government 
in  1844.  In  1849  it  was  resolved  that 
Parliament  should  meet  alternately  in 
Toronto  and  Quebec,  In  1858  Queen 
Victoria  selected  Ottaira  as  the  capital, 
and  Parliament  assembled  in  that  city  in 
1867,  after  Confederation. 

2.  Chief  Parliamentary  Aets. 
I.  Rebellion  Losses  Acts,  Two  were 
passed,  one  for  the  relief  of  those  loyal 
persons  who  suffered  by  the  Rebellion  in 
Upper  Canada^  and  another  for  those  in 
Lower  Canada.  The  latter  gave  sucK 
offence  that,  on  its  receiving  the  assent 
of  Lord  Elgin,  the  Governor-General,  the 
Parliament  buildings  in  Montreal 
\rere  burned  in  1849. 

2 .  Secularization  of  the  Clergy  Reserves, 
1854.  By  the  Constitution  Act  of  1791 
large  tracts  of  land  were  reserved  for  the 
benefit    of    the    clergy   of    the    English 


40 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


Church  in  Ontario.  As  the  country  pro- 
gressed a  demand  was  made  that  the 
other  denominations  should  be  allowed  to 
share  in  the  benefits  derived  from  these 
lands.  Finally,  it  was  decided  to  sell 
them,  and  distribute  the  money  to  the 
flifferent  municipalities  of  the  province  in 
proportion  to  their  population,  to  be  used 
for  local,  secular  purposes.  The  inti^rests 
of  the  clergy  already  in  possession  were 
commuted,  and  a  permanent  endowment 
allowed  them. 

3.  Abolition  of  Seigniorial  Tenures. 
During  the  French  period  large  districts 
in  Quebec  had  been  granted  to  French 
officers  and  others.  In  some  cases  nearly 
100,000  acres  were  given  to  a  single  indi- 
vidual. All  settlers  in  their  districts  were 
compelled  to  give  them  a  certain  propor- 
tion of  what  they  raised,  and  to  submit 
to  various  laws  of  a  most  vexatious  na- 
t<ur'e.  This  adaptation  of  the  Fettclal 
systeni  may  have  been  suited  for  the  pe- 
riod of  its  estajblishment,  but  it  now  greatly 
retarded  the  progress  and  settlement  of 
the  country,  so  it  was  repealed,  and  the 
Seigniors  paid  a  sum  settled  by  a  com- 
mission. 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


41 


I  try  pro- 
hat  the 
owed  to 
m  these 
to  sell 
to  the 
/ince  in 
t>e  used 
Uerests 
m  were 
wment 

"inures. 
istricts 
^renck 
nearly 
e  indi- 
s  were 
opor- 
ubmit 
us  na- 
eudal 
le  pe- 
reatly 
^nt  of 
1  the 
com- 


4.  Reciprocity  Treaty  of  1854.  This 
treaty  provided  for  the  "  free  interchange 
ol'  the  products  of  the  sea,  the  soil,  the 
forest,  and  the  mine,"  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States.  It  also  allowed 
Canadians  to  navigate  Lake  Michigan, 
and  the  Americans  the  rivers  St.  Law- 
rence and  St.  John.     It  ceased  in  1866. 

5.  British  North  America  Act,  In 
1865  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the 
various  provinces  met  in  Quebec,  and 
agreed  upon  a  basis  for  Confedcra* 
lion.  This  basis  was  afterward  adopted 
by  the  Canadian  Parliament,  and  ratified 
by  the  English  Parliament,  which  passed 
the  British  North  America  Act^  uniting 
Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  Nova  Scotia, 
and  New  Brunswick.  Tlie  Dominion 
of  Canada  was  inaugurated  July  i, 
1867. 

3.  Riot§  and  Rald§.  i.  Riots  in 
Montreal,  A  mob,  enraged  by  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Rebellion  Losses  Bill,  burned 
the  Parliament  Buildings  and  Public 
Documents'^  1849.  In  1853  Oavazxi. 
an  Italian  priest  of  remarkable  power  and 
eloquence,  who  had  been  converted  to 
Protestantism,  was  preaching  in  Montreal, 


42 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


when  a  mob  of  his  former  co-religionists 
created  a  violent  disturbance  on  the 
streets.  The  mayor  called  out  the  mili- 
tary to  assist  the  civil  authority  in  main- 
taining order,  and  several  persons  were 
shot. 

2.  Fenian  Raids,  An  infamous  organ- 
ization, whose  pretended  object  was  to 
secure  the  freedom  of  Ireland,  was  formed 
in  the  United  States,  and,  strange  as  it 
may  seem,  was  actually  allowed  to  drill, 
and  in  every  way  prepare  for  the  invasion 
of  Canada.  They  crossed  the  frontier  in 
1866,  and  plundered  the  property  of  a  few 
defenseless  people  in  the  district.  The 
whole  country  was  aroused,  and  volunteers 
came  from  all  parts  to  drive  out  the  inr 
vaders.  A  couple  of  skirmishes  were 
fought  at  Ridegway  and  Fort  Erie,  and 
the  Fenians  Retired  to  Buffalo  to  avoid 
capture.  Demonstrations  were  made  along 
the  St,  Lawre7tce  and  toward  Montreal. 
The  presence  of  armed  representatives 
of  the  British  Lion  they  so  intensely  hated 
cooled  the  ardor  of  the  invaders,  and  they 
went  home  in  disgrace. 

4,  Progre§§.  The  population  in- 
creased as  follows : 


3^ionists 
on  the 
le  mili- 
1  niain- 
s  were 

organ- 
was  to 
formed 
B  as  it 
3  drill, 
ivasion 
itier  in 
'a  few 
The 
nteers 
he  inr 

were 
e,  and 
avoid 
along 
treaL 
atives 
hated 

they 

\    in- 


CANADIAN   HISTOBY.  43 

184T.  1851.  x86i. 

Upper  Canada 465,000       953,000  1,396,000 

Lower  Canada 691,000       890,000  x, 111,000 

Nova  Scotia 33tiOoo 

Niiw  Brunswick 353,000 

The  country  also  made  remarkable  ad- 
vancement in  commerce^  railroads^  and 
education, 

STUDENTS'  REVIEW  OUTLINE, 

From  the  Union  1841,  till  Confederation  1867. 

I.  Ch.  of  Cap.  z.  King.  ;  a.  Mont. ;  3.  Tor.  and 
Queb.  ;    4.  Ot.  1858. 

a.  Ch.  Pari.  Acts.  i.  Reb.  Los. ;  3.  Sec.  of  CI. 
Res. ;  3.  Ab.  of  SI.  Ten. ;  4.  Rec.Tr. ;  5.  A.  of  B.  N, 
A. ;  Dom.  of  Can.  1867. 

3.  Riots  and  Raids,  x.  Ft.  Build'gs  Bt.,  1849;  >• 
Gav.,  1853;  Fen.  Rds.,  1866. 

4.  Prog.  Pop,  more  than  doubled  ;  Gr.  Ad.  in  Com, 
R.  Rs.^  and  Ed, 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS, 

X.  When  were  the  Houses  of  Parliament  burned  ? 
3.  What  led  to  their  burning  ? 

3.  Name  the  chief  parliamentary  Acts  of  this  pe- 
riod. 

4.  Explain  the  objects  of  the  Clergy  Reserves  BiU^ 
and  the  Seigniorial  Tenure  Act. 

5.  W^hen  was  the  Dominion  of  Canada  inaugu- 
rated ? 

6.  How  long  did  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  remain  in 
force  ? 

7.  Sketch  briefly  the  Fenian  Raids, 


44 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


EIGHTH  EXERCISE. 

From  Confederation  to  the  present 
time. 

The  first  years  of  the  Dominion  have 
been  busy,  and  marked  by  a  steady  prog- 
ress which  has  erected  few  prominent 
historical  landmarks. 

1.  Territorial  Extension.  The 
Dominion  of  Canada,  as  constituted 
by  the  British  North  America  Act,  in- 
cluded Ontario,  Quebec,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
A^ew  Brunswick.  Manitoba  was  organ- 
ized in  1870,  British  Columbia  was  ad- 
mitted in  1 87 1,  and  Prince  Edward  Isl- 
and m  1873. 

tJ.  Parliamentary  Aet§.  Two  de- 
serve special  attention  :  The  liVasIiing^- 
ton  Treaty,  and  the  Paeifie  Rail- 
road ISclieme. 

I.  The  Washington  Treaty.  This  was 
framed  by  a  Joint  High  Commission  of 
representatives  from  the  British  Empire, 
United  States,  and  Canada,  Several 
vexed  questions  were  settled  by  the  treaty ; 
among  others  the  Alabama  Claims,  the 
Fishery  Disputes^  the  San  ^  uan  and 
Alaska  Boundary  Lines  were  settled  or 


CANADIAN    HISTOKY. 


45 


resent 


have 
prog- 
linent 


The 
ituted 
:t,  in- 
%,  and 
Tgan- 
s  ad- 


ode- 
rail- 


5  was 
3n  of 
pire, 
veral 
-aty; 
the 
and 
d  or 


referred  to  arbitration.  The  treaty  was 
ratified  by  the  Canadian  Parliament  in 
1871. 

2.  The  Pacific  Railroad  Schejne.  This 
was  introduced  in  1873  in  order  to  keep 
faith  with  British  Columbia.  The  build- 
ing of  a  railroad  to  connect  the  Pacific 
Slope  with  the  Atlantic  seaboard  was  one 
of  the  stipulations  made  at  the  time  Brit- 
ish Columbia  entered  the  Dominion. 
When  completed  it  will  be  the  greatest 
public  work  of  the  Dominion. 

3.  Di§tiirbaiice8«  i.  Red  River 
Rebellion.  In  1868  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment obtained  possession  of  theOreat 
Bifortli-ire§t  Territory  from  \\\e  Hud- 
son Bay  Company,  The  French  half- 
breed  poptilation  of  the  district  deter- 
mined to  resist  all  attempts  to  establish  a 
regular  system  of  government  in  the  ter- 
ritory in  connection  with  the  Dominion. 
Led  by  one  of  their  number,  Louis  Riel, 
they  formed  a  provisional  government, 
and  refused  to  allow  the  Canadian  gov- 
ernor to  enter.  Loyal  citizens  objected 
to  their  course,  and  one  who  refused  to 
submit  to  them  was  seized  and  shot,  afier 
a  **  mock  trial  by  a  rebel  court-martial." 


i 


46 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  led  an  army  of  Cana- 
dian volunteers  through  the  wilderness 
between  Ontario  and  Manitoba,  but  found 
no  Riel  there  on  his  arrival.  He  took 
peaceable  possession  of  Fort  Garry,  and 
Canadian  authority  was  established. 

2.  Second  Fenian  Raid,  In  1870  the 
Fenians  again  congregated  on  the  Can- 
adian frontier,  intending  to  move  on 
Montreal.  A  few  farmers  in  the  district 
quietly  waited  for  them,  and  immediately 
on  their  crossing  the  border  line  saluted 
them  with  a  volley  from  their  rifles.  The 
invasion  was  ended.  Loud  had  been 
their  threats,  long  had  been  their  prepara- 
tion, great  was  their  consternation,  and 
hurried  their  flight.  Their  **  valiant  gen- 
eral,** skulking  a  mile  and  a  half  in  the 
rear,  was  captured  by  a  United  States 
Marshal,  and  the  President  soon  after 
issued  an  order  forbidding  future  inva- 
sions of  a  similar  character. 

4.  Progre§§.  The  young  Dominion 
has  made  rapid  strides.  Three  additional 
provinces  have  been  added  to  the  four 
united  by  the  British  North  America  Act, 
The  great  **  North-west**  is  being 
rapidly   opened    up    and    filled   with   a 


CANADIAN   HISTOEY. 


47 


thrifty  and  enterprising  people.  The  va- 
rious conflicting  interests  of  the  different 
provinces  have  been  brought  into  har- 
mony, and  the  few  causes  of  discontent 
which  at  first  existed  in  some  parts  have 
been  removed.  Each  province  is  now 
thoroughly  loyal  to  the  Dominion,  and 
all  sects  and  parties  are  zealously  work- 
ing together  for  the  development  of  a 
great  and  prosperous  nation  in  connection 
with  the  British  Crown. 

Commercially  Canada  has  attained  a 
very  high  position.  She  ranks  fifth  among 
the  nations  of  the  world  as  a  maritime 
power.  Rev.  Joseph  Cook  says :  **  To- 
day Canada  is  a  competitor  with  the 
United  States  in  the  ports  of  the  United 
States  and  South  America;  and,  in  case 
of  certain  articles,  in  those  of  Great 
Britain  herself.  The  interchange  of 
traffic,  which  from  1820  to  1866  was 
largely  in  favor  of  the  United  States,  un- 
derwent so  great  an  alteration  from  1866 
to  1873  as  to  show  a  balance  against  the 
United  States  and  in  favor  of  Canada  of 
$51,875,000." 

The  Intercolonial  Railroad  has  been 
completed,  and  thus  winter  communica- 


48 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


tion  directly  established  between  the  in- 
terior of  the  country  and  the  Atlantic 
sea-board.  The  future  of  Canada  is  full 
of  hope.  With  her  large  territory,  her 
free  institutions,  her  unsurpassed  system 
of  education,  her  firm  dovotion  to  moral- 
ity and  religion,  the  young  Dominion 
gives  promise  of  a  vigorous,  a  progress- 
ive, and  a  noble  manhood. 

5.  Ooveriiors  since  Confeder- 
ation. Lord  Monck  was  governor 
when  the  Dominion  was  inaugurated. 
He  was  succeeded  in  1868  by  Sir  John 
Young,  In  1872  £<ord  I>ulferin  be- 
came the  representative  of  the  Queen. 
During  the  seven  years  he  spent  in  Can- 
ada he  did  more  to  cement  the  bonds 
b.ecween  the  Mother  Country  and  her 
foremost  colony  than  any  man  who  had 
preceded  him.  All  parties,  nationalities, 
and  creeds  in  the  Dominion  deeply  re- 
gretted his  departure,  and  their  regret 
would  have  deepened  into  mourning  but 
for  the  cheering  fact  that  he  was  to  be 
succeeded  by  the  ]VIarqui§  of  Liorne 
and  his  royal  wife  Tlie  Princess 
EiOUise.  The  welcome  given  to  the  Gov-  ^ 
ernor-General  and  Her  Royal  Highness 


CA.KADIAK   HISTOBT. 


49 


iS.E 


was  the  most  united  and  enthusiastic  effort 
ever  made  by  the  Canadian  people.  The 
interest  which  they  have  taken  in  all  that 
jjertains  to  the  highest  welfare  of  the 
Dominion  proves  that  they  are  worthy  of 
the  truest  loyalty  of  any  people.  The 
Queen  will  ever  be  more  warmly  loved  by 
her  Canadian  subjects,  on  account  of  the 
true  womanliness,  the  broad  culture,  and 
the  Christian  character  of  her  daughter* 

GOD  BLESS  THE  DOMINION! 
OOD  SAVE  THE  QUEEN  I 

STUDENTS'  REVIEW  OUTLINE. 

Period  since  Confederation, 

I.  Ter.  Ext.    M.  1670;  B.-C.  xZ^x\  P.-E.-I.  ilys. 

1.  Parit.  Acts.    i.  W.  T. ;  «.  P.  R.-R.  S. 

3.  Disturb,  i.  R.  R.  R.  i368,  L.  R.,  Sir  G.  W.  ; 
«.  Fen.  Inv.  1870. 

4.  Prog.  I.  in  Ext, ;  2.  in  Harmony  :  3.  Omt.,  sth 
max.  f0wer ;  Intereol.  R.  R. 

y.  Gov.  z.  Ld.  M. ;  2.  SikT  J.  Y. ;  3.  Ld.  P. ;  4.  M. 
of  L. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

z.  Give  the  names  of  the  tkir«e  j^rovincet  a^tnitted 
to  tlu5  D*minion  since  Con£ieder»tiA««  aod  the  dates  9l 
which  they  entered. 

3.  State  the  questions  settled  by  the  WasAtHgtPM 

Treaty, 
|.  Wkatled4o4heR«dRiinsrRoheltioB? 

4.  What  is  the  vtarittm4f  rank  of  Canada  ? 

*   5.  Name  the  governors  of  Canada  since  Confederation. 

.4 


mmm 


mmmmm 


VI 


I 


50 


CANADIAN   HISTOEY. 


NINTH  EXERCISE. 

Sketch  of  Constitutional  Growth. 

During  the  French  period  the  laws 
of  France  prevailed  in  Canada. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the 
changes  and  advances  made  under  the 
British  : 

1.  Military  Government,  1760  to  1764. 

2.  Government  by  Eng[li§li  Laur, 
1764  to  1774. 

3.  Government  under  the  Quebec 
Act,  1774  to  1791. 

4.  Government  under  the  Con§tUu» 
tional  Act,  1791  to  1841. 

5.  Government  under  the  Union  Act, 
1841  to  1867. 

,6.  Government  under  the  Briti§ta 
Morth  America  Act,  1867 — present. 

1«  inilitary  Oovernment,  1760- 
1764.  During  most  of  this  period  Can- 
ada was  an  English  province  only  by 
right  of  conquest,  so  that  French  laws 
were  administered  by  Gen.  Murray,  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  British  forces. 

2.  OoTcrnment  under  £iigli§ta 
I^aw,  ■>!  764-1 774.  When  the  king  of 
England  assumed  possession  of  Canada 


■■  '*■>■ 


CANADIAN   HISTORY.                 51 

formally,  he  appointed  a  Governor  and 

Council   to  administer  English   laws  in 

» 

it.    The  people  had  nothing  to  do  with 

e  laws 

framing  or  amending  these  laws.     Their 

. 

duty  was  merely  to  submit  to  them.     The 

of  the 

enforcement  of  English  laws  on  a  French 

ler  the 

population  naturally  caused  much  irrita- 

tion.    Some  remedy  had  to  be  provided. 

0  1764. 

•   and  after  securing  careful   reports,  the 

Law, 

British  Parliament  generously  passed  the 

Quebec  Act. 

lebec 

3.  Oovernment  under  the  Que- 

bec Act,  1774-1791.    This  substituted 

stUu- 

French  lor  English  law,  in  all  but  crim- 

inal cases,  and  removed  the  prohibitions 

1  Act, 

against  the  holding  of  State   offices   by 

Roman  Catholics.     It  gave  great  satis- 

*iti8ta 

faction  to  the  French,  and  equal  dissatis- 

jsent. 

faction  to  most  of  the  English  in  CanadC 

1760- 

The  number  of  the  latter  was  soon  aug- 

Can- 

mented   by  the  coming  of  the    United 

ly  by 

Empire  Loyalists,    The  agitations  of  the 

laws 

British  settlers  for  a  change  led  to  the 

com- 

passage  of  the  Constitutional  Act, 

s. 

4.  Government  under  the  Con- 

glisb 

stitutional  Act,  1791-1841.    This  act 

\g  of 

divided  Quebec  into    Upper  and  Lower 

anada 

Canada,  for  the  English  and  French  re- 

« 

\  ■ 


^^:^r'^zi::^.■ 


mm^ 


52 


CANADIAN   HISTOBT. 


sp66tively,  and  recognized  to  a  certain 
extent  the  right  of  »elf-g:oYernmenl. 
Eiich  province  had  a  Lieutenant-Governor, 
a  Legislative  Council,  and  an  Assembly. 
The  Governor  appointed  the  Council,  the 
people  elected  the  Assembly.  No  Act  ot 
the  Canadian  Parliaments  became  law 
until  it  received  the  approval  of  the  king 
of  England.  Of  course  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  and  the  appointed  Council  were 
the  disallowing  parties  in  reality.  They 
had  it  in  their  power  to  neutralize  the  de- 
cisions of  the  representatives  of  the 
people.  This  gave  rise  to  serious  abuses, 
and  a  large  section  of  the  people  in  both 
provinces  strongly  opposed  the  exercise 
of  controlling  power  by  irresponsible  ad* 
visers  of  the  crown.  The  struggle  for 
n/espon»ible  Oovernmeiir  led  to 
rebellion  in  both  Upper  and  Lo^  /er  Can- 
ada., and  brought  about  the  union  of 
the  provinces. 

^«  Oovernment  under  tlie 
ITnion  Act«  This  lasted  26  years,  from 
i^i  to  1867.  The  Union  Act  granted  the 
adirantages  of  Responsible  Govern* 
laent.  The  advisers  of  the  Crown 
imjst  now  have  the  support  of  the  ma- 


"*.\ 


CANADIAN    HISTOBY. 


&3 


certain 
iment, 

ovemor, 
;sembly. 
ncil,  the 
)  Act  oi 
me  law 
he  king 
itenant- 
cil  were 
They 
the  de- 
of  the 
abuses, 
in  both 
exercise 
ible  ad^ 
:gle  for 
led  to 
tx  Can- 
iaii  of 

the 

s,  from 
ted  the 
»vera« 

Crown 

be  ma^ 


jority  of  the  representatives  of  the  people. 
Race  jealousies,  however,  and  other  local 
causes,  ultimately  rendered  the  har- 
monious working  of  the  two  provinces 
impossible,  so  the  wider  scheme  of  Con- 
federation was  brought  about. 

6.  Oovernnient  under  the  Brit- 
ish jVorth  Amerlea  Aet.  This  came 
into  force  on  Dominion  Day,  July  i, 
1867,  ^^^  continues  in  force  till  the  pres- 
ent  time.  It  gave  a  Governor-Generiil 
and  Parliament  for  the  Dominion,  and  a 
Lieutenant-Governor  and  local  Legisla- 
ture for  each  province.  The  Dominion 
Parliament  consists  of  two  Houses;  the 
Senate  and  the  House  of  Cammons,  The 
members  of  the  former  are  appointed  by 
the  Governor-General,  on  the  recommend- 
ation of  the  Ministry,  those  of  the  latter 
are  elected.  The  Ministry  are  responsiblie 
to  the  House  of  Commons,  and  must  have 
the  support  of  a  majority  of  its  members. 

STUDENTS'  ftEVlEW  OUTLINE, 

Coostitutional  Growth. 

X.  Changes,  i.  Mil. ;  2.  £ng.  Law,  1764 ;  3.  Que- 
bec Actf  1774 ;  4.  Cons.  Act,  1791 ;  5.  Un.  Act,  1841 ; 
6.  Con.  1867. 

1.  1760-1764.    Mil.  Gov.  Fr.  Law.    Gen.  Mur. 

2.  1 764-1 774.    Eng.  Law. 


64 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


3.  1 774-1 791.     Queb.  Act,  Fr.  Law,  except  crim. 

4.  179Z-X841.    Cons.  Act,  French  in  L.-C.  and  Eng. 
in  U—C.  Strug,  for  Res.  Gov. 

5.  i84i-x867,    Un.  Act.    Res.  Gov.  Granted.    Raca 
Jealousy. 

6.  1867.    Confederation. 


TENTH  EXERCISE. 

Brief  sketches  of  the  most  distinguished 
men  connected  with  the  history  ol*  Can- 
ada. 

1.  Period  of  Discovery* 

1.  John  Cabot  was,  like  many 
other  early  navigators,  a  native  of  Venice. 
He  resided  at  Bristol  in  England.  He 
was  commissioned  by  Henry  VH.  to 
make  a  voyage  of  discovery  in  1496,  and 
discovered  Newfoundland  in  1497. 

2.  Sebastian  Cabot  was  a  greater 
navigator  than  his  father.  He  was  born 
in  England  in  1477.  He  accompanied 
his  father  on  his  first  voyage  and  re- 
turned in  the  following  year.  He  made 
extensive  discoveries  in  South  America 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Spaniards.  He 
first  detected  the  variation  of  the  mari- 
ner's compass.    He  died  in  1557. 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


55 


M 


;>t  crim. 
.  and  £ng. 

ted.    Race 


iguished 
of  Can- 


2  many 
Venice, 
nd.  He 
VII.  to 
^96,  and 

greater 
as  born 
Tipanied 
and  re- 
e  made 
America 
ds.  He 
e  mari- 


3.  John  Yerazzaiil  was  a  Floren- 
tine who  served  under  the  king  of  France, 
In  the  year  1524  he  sailed  along  the 
coast  of  America  from  Carolina  to  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

4.  Jacque§  Carticr  was  born  at 
St.  Malo,  in  France,  in  1 500  He  made 
four  voyages  to  Canada,  (1534  to  1541,) 
and  was  the  first  European  to  sail  up  the 
St.  Lawrence. 

2.  French  Period. 

1.  Samuel  Champlaln  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  Canada.  For 
over  30  years  he  devoted  his  tireless  en- 
ergies to  the  exploration  and  development 
of  the  infant  colony.  He  founded  Quebec 
in  1608.  He  traveled  through  the  pres- 
ent provinces  of  Quebec  and  Ontario,  and 
the  State  of  New  York.  Lake  Chami>- 
lain  was  named  after  him.  He  lost  his 
capital,  Quebec,  in  1629,  and  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  securing  the  return  of 
Canada  to  the  French  in  1632.  He  died 
in  1635. 

2.  Count  de  Frontenac  w  as  a  na- 
tive of  France,  born  in  1621.  In  1672  he 
was  appointed  Governor  of  Canada.     He 


56 


CANADIAN    HI8T0EY. 


m 


was  a  very  haughty,  decided,  enterpris- 
ing man.  He  built  I^ort  Frontenac 
(Kin^orston)  and  pursued  active  and  ener- 
getic measures  for  the  defense  and  ex- 
tension of  the  colony.  He  was  recalled 
in  1682,  but  re-appointed  in  1689,  in  time 
to  save  Canada  from  passing  from  the 
control  of  the  French.  He  ruled  Canada 
in  all  21  years.  He  died  in  1698,  '*  re- 
spected and  feared  alike  by  friend  and  foe." 

3.  Bi§liop  LavaL  What  Fronte- 
nac was  in  relation  to  the  government 
and  military  officers  of  Canada,  Laval 
was  to  her  religious  and  scholastic  inter- 
ests. He  was  born  in  1622  and  came  to 
Canaca  in  1659.  During  the  next  fifty 
years  he  was  the  most  important  man  in 
Canada.  He  found<*d  Quebec  Seminary, 
now  Laval  Universiity,  in  1663.  He 
opened  an  Industrial  School  and  Model 
Farm ;  and  made  great  efforts  for  the 
suppression  of  the  liquor  traffic  among 
the  Indians,  and  for  the  general  welfare 
of  the  colonists. 

4.  Qeneral  Montcalm  was  born 
in  France  in  17 12.  He  took  command 
of  the  forces  in  Canada  in  1756  and  de- 
feated the  British  in  several  engagements. 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


67 


iterpris- 
ontenac 
kd  ener- 
and  ex- 
recalled 
in  time 
om  the 
Canada 
>8,  '*  re- 
nd foe." 
Fronte- 
Tnment 
,  Laval 
c  inter- 
:anne  to 
xt  fifty 
man  in 
Tninary, 
3.  He 
Model 
or  the 
among 
welfare 

born 
nmand 
nd  de- 
ments. 


In  1759,  however,  he  was  defeated  and 
mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  with 
Wolfe  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham.  He 
was  a  brave,  heroic  man. 

3.  Engllsli  Perlool. 

1.  General    James    IVolfe    was 

born  in  Westerham,  England,  in  1726. 
He  advanced  rapidly  in  the*  European 
wars  of  his  early  manhood.  His  great 
ability  was  recognized  by  Pitt,  who  sent 
him  in  1757  to  assist  in  the  conquest  of 
Canada.  In  1758  he  was  with  Gen. 
Amherst,  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg,  and 
in  1759  he  was  entrusted  with  the  capture 
of  Quebec.  He  succeeded  in  accom- 
pli<;hing  the  work  assigned  to  him,  and 
died  at  the  moment  of  his  triumphant 
success. 

2.  Sir  Guy  Carleton  (Lord  Dor- 
chester) deserves  to  be  specially  men- 
tioned in  a  Canadian  history.  He  was 
governor  of  the  country  for  a  longer 
period  than  any  other  man.  He  was  all 
to  English  Canada  that  Champlain  had 
been  to  French  Canada,  and  more.  For 
no  less  than  thirty-six  years  he  was  con- 
nected with  Canadian  progress,  and  dur- 


m 


58 


CANADIAN   HISTOET. 


ing  most  of  that  time  he  was  governor. 
He  fought  under  Wolfe  at  the  capture  of 
Quebec,  and  by  his  good  judgment  and 
conciliatory  manner  soon  succeeded  in 
making  the  men  against  whom  he  had 
fought  warm  friends  and  adherents  to 
himself  and  the  throne  he  represented. 
He  deserves  the  credit  of  having  steered 
the  ship  of  state  in  safety  through  the 
most  difficult  part  of  her  course.  He 
conciliated  the  French,  he  defeated  the 
American  invaders,  and  he  secured  the 
co-operation  of  the  English  who  were 
dissatisfied  at  the  great  privileges  allowed 
the  French  Canadians.  He  was  born  in 
1725,  and  died  in  1808. 

3.  JUaJor  -  General  Sir  Isaac 
BroeR  was  a  native  of  the  Island  of 
Guernsey.  He  entered  the  army  in  1755, 
at  the  age  of  sixteen.  He  came  to  Can- 
ada in  1802.  He  was  President  of  Upper 
Canada  during  the  absence  of  the  Gov- 
ernor in  England.  In  181 2  he  compelled 
General  Hull  and  his  whole  force  to  sur- 
render at  Detroit,  although  his  army  was 
much  smaller  *han  that  of  the  American 
general.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Queenston  Heights,  while  leading  his  men 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


69 


>vernor. 
pture  of 
mt  and 
;ded  in 
he  had 
ents  to 
:sented. 
steered 
gh  the 
;e.  He 
ted  the 
red  the 
3  were 
illowed 
)orn  in 

Isaac 

and  of 

0  Can- 
Upper 
i  Gov- 
ipelled 
o  sur- 
ly was 
erican 
ttle  of 
is  men 


up  the  rugged  slope  that  forms  the  north- 
ern side  of  that  rocky  ridge.  He  was 
greatly  beloved  by  Canadians,  and  has 
since  his  death  been  known  as  the  "  Hero 
of  Upper  Canada."  A  fine  monument 
erected  to  his  memory  crowns  the 
heights  overlooking  Niagara  River. 

4.  Rig[ht  Hon.  Charles  Pouleit 
Tliompson  (Lord  Sydenham)  was  bom 
in  England  in  1799.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  his  native  land  in  parliamentary, 
social,  and  educational  reform.  He  was 
appointed  Governor  of  Canada  in  1839, 
and  was  the  first  Governor  of  United 
Canada  in  1841.  He  died  in  1841  from 
the  effects  of  a  fall  from  his  horse.  He 
had  a  share  in  the  founding  of  the 
unsurpassed  municipal  and  educational 
institutions  of  Ontario. 

5.  The  £arl  of  Elgin  was  born  in 
London  in  181 1.  He  rapidly  rose  to 
prominence  in  England,  and  in  1842  he 
was  made  Governor  of  Jamaica.  In  1847 
he  became  Governor-General  of  Canada, 
and  remained  till  1854.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  eminent  statesmen  of  his  age. 
During  his  period  of  office  Canada  was 
passing  through  troublous   tines.   Race 


saes 


60 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


«/   * 


li  i 


jealousies  and  party  feeling  were  at  their 
highest  point ;  but  he  managed  the 
affairs  of  the  country  with  so  much  wis- 
dom and  ability  that  even  those  who  at 
one  time  treated  him  with  the  greatest 
possible  discourtesy,  learned  to  respect 
and  honor  him  as  he  deserved.  During 
the  last  year  of  his  term  of  office  he  saw 
three  great  questions  settled  :  The  Clergy 
Reserves,  The  Seigniorial  Tenure,  and 
the  Reciprocity  Treaty.  He  died  in  1863 
in  India. 

6.  liOrd  Dulferin.  Canada,  under 
the  British,  has  been  fortunate  in  having 
wise  and  able  men  as  the  representatives 
of  the  sovereign  power  in  every  critical 
period  of  her  history.  liOrd  Dor- 
chester watched  over  her  destinies  and 
preserved  her  from  disruption  and  con- 
quest in  her  childhood  and  early  youth  ; 
Lord  (Sydenham  performed  the  mar- 
riage ceremony  between  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada;  Lord  £lgln  by  his 
statesmanship  prevented  the  subsequent 
disruption  of  the  Union,  and  Lord 
DufTerln,  by  his  courteous  manners,  his 
winning  eloquence,  his  liberal  views,  and 
his  high  sense  of  justice,  did  more  than 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


61 


:  their 
I  the 
1  wis- 
ho  at 
eatest 
•spect 
)uring 
le  saw 
:iergy 
I,  and 
1 .1863 

• 

under 
tiaving 
:atives 
:ritical 
Dor- 
is and 
con- 
[outh  ; 
1  mar- 
and 
\y   his 
jquent 
lOrd 
s,  his 
;,  and 
than 


any  other  man  to  preserve  the  healthy 
tone  and  vigor  of  the  young  Dominion 
during  those  years  when  her  borders  were 
being  enlaiged,  her  laws  consolidated, 
her  provincial  and  local  claims  adjusted, 
and  the  various  conflicting  interests  of 
race  and  party  being  harmonized.  What- 
ever might  be  a  man's  grievance,  in  the 
presence  of  Lord  Dufferin  it  sank  into 
insignificance  compared  with  the  en- 
thusiastic feeling  of  devotion  which  he 
every-where  evoked  toward  the  sovereign 
whom  he  represented.  Lord  Dufferin 
was  born  in  1826  in  Ireland.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford.  He  is 
the  author  of  several  works,  and  is  now 
known  throughout  the  English-speaking 
world  as  one  of  the  purest  writers  and 
speakers  of  the  English  language  living. 
He  is  recognized  by  both  the  great 
political  parties  of  England  as  a  nK>st 
successful  diplomatist,  and  has  been  in- 
trusted with  a  number  of  important  for- 
eign missions. 

Of  those  Canadians  who  have  risen  to 
enr.inence  in  their  native  land  it  is  not 
considered  desirable  to  give  sketches. 
Most  of  them  are  still  living. 


62 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


'•  „< 


STUDENTS'  REVIEW  OUTLINE. 

Distinguished  men  connected  with  the  history  of 
Canada. 

X.  Per.  of  Dis.  J.  C.  Ven.;  S.  C.  En^.  (died 
»557  0  J«  V.  Fior: :  J.  C.  Fr.  dis.  St.  L. 

a.  Fr.  Per.  S.  C.  founded  Q.,  (died  1635  ;)  Front, 
gov.  21  yrs.,  saved  col.  from  Ind.,  (died  1698;)  Bish. 
L.  rel.  and  sch.  for  50  yrs. ;  Gen.  Mont,  ahle,  def.  and 
killed  at  Queb.  1759. 

3.  Eng.  Per.  Gen.  Wol.  took  Queb.  1759,  mor. 
wd. ;  Sir  G.  C  over  30  yrs. ;  Gen.  Sir  I.  B.  def.  Gen. 
H.  at  Det.f  killed  at  Q.  H.  in  1812 ;  Lord  Syd.  gov. 
in  184X  at  U.iion ;  Lord  £1.  very  em.  stn.,  (died  1863  0 
Lord  Duf. 

REVIEIV  QUESTIONS, 

X.  Name  four  distinguished  navigators  connected 
with  the  discovery  of  Canada. 

2.  Name  the  most  noted  colonizer ^  the  ablest  goV" 
ernor^  the  wisest  Bishop,  and  the  most  distinguished 
general  connected  with  the  history  of  the  French 
Period. 

3.  Name  the  two  brave  British  generals  who  were 
killed  on  the  fields  where  they  won  their  greatest 
glory. 

4.  Name  the  four  governors  of  greatest  eminence 
during  the  English  Period,  and  briefly  sketch  the 
career  of  each. 


II  R 


CANADIAN  &:  f^TOET. 


63 


tory  of 

%  (died 

Front. 
;)  Bish. 
lef.  and 

;9,  mor. 
:f.  Gen. 
jrd.  gov. 
d  1863  0 

innected 

lest  £VV' 

guished 

French 

ho  were 
greatest 

ninence 
ch  the 


GENERAL  REVIEW  OUTLINES. 


I.  Canada  of  To-day. 

I.  Bx.    All  n.  of  U.  S.,  but  A.  and  N.    3X  m.    Pop. 

4-5  m. 
s.  Prov.  &  Cap.     N.-S.,  H. ;  P.-E.-T.,  C. ;  N.-B.» 

F. ;  Q.,  Q. ;  O.,  T. ;  M.,  W. ;  B.-C,  V. ;  K.  A 

N.-w.  T. 
3.  Gov.    I,  C.  of  U.-K. ;  2,  ruler  G.-G. ;  3,  M.  14; 

4,  Parl't— (S.  78  and  C.  206.) 

11.  Periods  op  History  op  Canada. 

4  Per.    I.,  D.,  F.,  E. 

Ind.    A.,  H.,  I. 

Die.    N'^fty  E.,  loox  ;  ^«^.,  J.  and  S.  C,  1497 ;  Por,^ 

C,  1500:  /^r.,  v.,  1524 ;  J.  C,  1534. 
Pr.    X535  to  1763—238  ;  I,  £x.  and  Sety^  1535  ^^  1663— 

128 ;  2,  /?.  G,y  1663  to  1763 — 100. 
Bng.    X,  Sep.  of  U,  C,  1791 ;  2,  Un.  0/ U.  and  L,  C. 

1841 ;  3,  Con.  1867. 

III.  Events  before  the  French  Period. 

I.  Per.  I.    A.,  H.,  I. ;  A.  in  N.-S.,  N.-B.,  Q.  and 

N.-w. ;  H.  in  O.  and  Q. ;  I.,  s.  of  St.  L. 

II.  Per.  Dis.      x,  N.   L.-E.,  loox.,  N,  and  N.-S.; 

a,  E.  J.  and  S.  C,  1497-8,  L.,  N.,  P.-E.-I.,and 
N.-S. ;  3,  P.  G.-C,  1500,  from  G.  to  St.-L. ; 

4,  F.  V.  1524,  C.  to  St.  L. ;  N.  F. ;  J.  C.  X534-5, 

5.  (Q.)  and  H.  (M.) 

IV.  Events  of  the  French  Period. 

I.  Ex.  and  Set.     Ter. — A.  and  C. ;  their  chief  towns 
P.-R.,  1604,  and  Q.,  x6o8  ;  founded  by  C.    In 


m 


64 


OANADUJr   HISTOBT. 


1673  M.,  and  in  1681  L.-S.  Ex.  and  CI.  the  M. 
''"er.  ;  Pop,  at  close  of  F,  per.,  90^000. 

••  Gov't,    I.  V.-R.  till  1627 ;  «.  C.  of  H.-A.  1627  to 
1663 ;  3.  R.  G.  from  1663  to  1763. 

3.  Ter.  Loss.    A.  1713,  (T.  of  U.) ;  C.  1763,  (T.  of  P.) 

4.  Gov.    In  all,  13  ;  first,  M.  de  M. ;  last,  V. ;  best,  F. 

5.  Wars.     Causes  :  1.  F.-T. ;  2.  I.  and  R.  J. ;  3.  W. 

bet.  M.  C. ;  4.  Ir.  H. 
X.  Ittd.  numerous.     M.  dest.  1689  ;  C.  saved  by  F. 
a.  K".  JV,  W,    Sir  W.  Ph.  cap.  P.  R.  in  A.,  and  was 

rep.  at  Q.  ;  A.  res.  by  T.  of  R.  1697. 

3.  Q,A.  W.     F.  burned  D.,  (M.,)  and  H.,  (N.  H.) 

Gen.  N.  took  P.  R.,  and  named  it  A.  ;  in  1713 
A.,  N.,  and  H'.-B.-T.  given  to  E.  by  T.  of  U. 

4.  /*,  /.  Sir  W.  Pep.  cap.  L.  in  1745  ;  res.  to  F.  in  1748, 

at  T.  A.-l.-C. 

5.  7'Y.  W.    F.  seized  E.  in  O.  V. ;  F.-D.-Q.     B.  def. 

and  A.'s  driven  from  N.-S.  in  1755;  in  1756  F. 
cap.  O.,  and  in  1757,  F.  W.  H.  ;  in  1758  A.  and 
W.  cap.  L. ;  F.-D.-Q.  cap.  and  named  F.  P. ; 
A.  def.  at  T. ;  in  1759  W.  cap.  Q.,  and  Sir  W, 
.  J.,  N. ;  in  1760,  M.  taken  by  A.  and  M.  C. 
given  formally  to  E.  in  1763,  by  T.  of  P. 


V.  BRITISH  Rule  Prior  to  1791. 

Br.  rule  before  179Z. 

X.  Wars.  Pont,  and  Rev.  P.  took  several  ibrts  ; 
failed  to  take  D.  3.  Rev.  Am.  in  v.  Can.  M.,  Ar., 
an^  Al.  ;  M.  killed  at  Q.     Al.  pris.  at  M. 

8.  Cons.  Gr.  /.  Mil.  Gov.  1760  to  1764 ;  s.  Roy, 
Proc.  of  Geo.  III.,  1764  to  x^^\ ;  Qutb.  A.  1774  feo  1791. 

3.  Prog.  I.  Pop.  150,000  in  U.  and  L.-C.  30,000 
U.-E.-L. ;  3.  P.-E.-I.  organ.  1770  and  N.-B.  in  1784 ; 
3.  Tst  N.^.  tiie  Q.  G.  in  1764 ;  zst.  coll.  W.  in  N.-S. 
1789. 


CANADIAN   HISTORY. 


65 


.  the  M. 

,  1627  to 

T.ofP.) 
best,  F. 

.;3.w. 

•y  F. 
and  was 

(N.  H.) 

;  in  i7»3 
.  ofU. 
. in  1748, 

B.  d«f. 

I  1756  F. 
S  A.  and 
i  F.  P. ; 

SirW. 

M.    C. 


d  ibrts  * 
L«f  Ar.f 

\s.  R&y. 

I  to  179Z. 

30,000 

I  1784 ; 


VI.  Fifty  Years*  Separation  till  1841. 

From  1 79 1  to  1841 — fifty  years. 

1.  Wars.  I.  For.  '*  1812."  2.  Reb.  1837.  Ev.  of 
1812.  Am.  def.  at  Mac.^  Det.,  Q.-H.y  and  R.-P,  On 
ocean,  Am.  vie.  Cons,  and  U,-S,  Ev.  of  1813.  Am, 
def.  at  Fr.y  S.-C.^  B.-D.y  C.-/^,  and  C^.,  also  C/ies, 
and  Shan.;  Am.  vie.  at  Mor.~T.^  K.,  and  F.-G.^  also 
on  L.  E.  Ev.  of  1814.  Am.  def.  at  L.-C.^  M.^  and 
L.-L. ;  Am.  vie.  at  Ch.  Reb.  of  1837.  M.  in  U.- 
C,  and  P.  in  L.-C,  both  def. 

2.  Cons.  Gr.  Strug,  for  Res.  Gov.  led  to  Un.  Ac, 
of  1841. 

3.  Prog.  Pop.  incr.  over  a  mil. ;  Pub.  Sch.  est.  by 
law  in  U.-C,  N.-B.,  and  N.-S.  ;  col.  neius.^  dan.^ 
steam,^  and  roads  ;  sL  ab.  in  U.-C.  in  1793,  dec.  ill.  in 
L.-C,  in  1803.     Tor.^  cap.  of  U.-C.  in  1796. 

VII.  Events  between  '^ Union"  and  "Confeder- 


11 


ATION. 

From  the  Union  1841,  till  Confederation  1867. 

1.  Ch.  of  Cap.  I.  ng.  ;  2.  Mont. ;  3.  Tor.  and 
Qiieb.  ;    4.  Ot.  1858. 

2.  Ch.  Pari.  Acts.  i.  Reb.  Los. ;  2.  Sec.  of  CI. 
Res. ;  3.  Ab.  of  SI.  Ten.  ;  4.  Rec.Tr. ;  5.  A.  of  B.  N. 
A.  ;  Dom.  of  Can.  1867. 

3.  Riots  and  Raids.  1.  Pt.  Build'gs  Bt.,  1840; 
2.  Gav.,  1853;  Fen.  Rds.,  1866. 

4.  Prog.  Pop.  more  than  doubled  ;  Gr.  Ad.  in  Com,, 
R.  Rs.^  and  Ed. 

VIII.  Events  since  Confederation. 

Period  since  Confederation. 

I.  Ter.  Ext.     M.  1870;  B.C.  1871 ;  P.-E.-I.  1873, 
2    Park.  Acts.     i.  W.  T. ;  2.  P.  R.-R.  S. 
3.  Disturb,     i.  R.  R.   R.  1668,  L.  R.,  Sir  G.  W. ; 
2.  Fen,  Inv.  1870. 

5 


1i 


66 


CANADIAN    HISTORY. 


h 


4.  Prog.  1.  in  Exi.  ;  2.  in  Harmony  :  3.  Com.y  5th 
mar.  power ;  Intercol.  R.  R. 

5.  Gov.  1.  Ld.  M. ;  2.  Sir  J.  Y. ;  3.  Ld.  D. ;  4.  M. 
of  L. 

IX.  Constitutional  Growth. 

Constitutional  Growth. 

I.  Changes,  i.  Mil.;  2.  Eng.  Law,  1764;  2.  Que- 
bec Act,  1774;  4.  Cons.  Act,  1791 ;  5.  Un.  Act,  1841 ; 
6.  Con.  1867. 

1.  1760-1764.     Mil.  Gov.  Fr.  Law.    Gen.  Mur. 

2.  1764-1774.    Eng.  Law. 

3.  1774-1791.     Queb.  Act,  Fr.  Law,  except  crim. 

4.  1791-184T.  Cons.  Act,  French  in  L.-C.  and  Eng. 
in  U.-C.  Strug,  for  Res.  Gov. 

5.  184X-1867,  Un.  Act.  Res.  Gov.  Granted.  Race 
Jealousy. 

6.  1867.     Confederation. 


X.  Distinguished  Men. 

Distinguished  men  connected  with  the  history  of 
Canada. 

1.  Per.  of  Dis.  J.  C.  Ven.:  S.  C.  Eng.  (died 
IS57  ;)  J.  V.  Flor. ;  J.  C.  Fr.  dis.  St.  L. 

2.  Fr.  Per.  S.  C.  founded  Q.,  (died  1635  ;)  Front. 
gov.  21  yrs.,  saved  col.  from  Ind.,  (died  1698;)  Bish. 
L.  rel.  and  sch.  for  50  yrs. ;  Gen.  Mont,  able,  def.  and 
killed  at  Queb.  1759. 

3.  Eng.  Per.  Gen.  Woi.  took  Queb.  1759,,  mor. 
wd. ;  Sir  G.  C.  over  30  yrs. ;  Gen.  Sir  I.  B.  def.  Gen. 
H.  at  Det.,  killed  at  Q.  H.  in  1812 ;  Lord  Syd.  gov. 
in  1841  at  Union  ;  Lord  El.  very  em.  stn.,  (died  1863  ;) 
Lord  Duf. 


vn.y  5th 

;  4-  M« 


2.  Quc- 

:t,  1841 ; 

ur. 

crim. 
nd  Eng. 

I.    Race 


APPENDIX, 


67 


story  of 

(died 

I)  Front. 

;)  Bish. 

Idef.  and 

59,,  mor. 
:f.  Gen. 
rd.  gov. 
1863 ;) 


APPENDIX. 


(FOR  REFERENCE.) 

aOVERNORS  OF  CANADA. 

FRENCH  RULE. 
1.    Early  Viceroys  and  Lieutenants-General. 

M.  de  la  Roque,  Sieur  de  Roberval,  1540.  Marquis 
de  la  Roche,  1598.  Charles  de  Bourbon,  Comte  de 
Soissons,  1612  (Champlain,  Governor.)  Henri  de 
Bourbon,  Prince  de  Conde,  1612.  Due  de  Montmor- 
ency, 16x9.    Henri  de  Levi,  Duo  de  Vantadour,  1625. 

I.    Governors  under  the  Company  of  100  Asso- 
ciates, 

Samuel  de  Champlain,  1633.  M.  Bras-de-fer  de 
Chastefort,  1635.  M.  de  Montmagny,  1636.  M. 
d"'Ailleboust,  1648.  M.  Jean  de  Lauson,  3C651.  M. 
Charles  de  Lauson,  1656.  M.  d^Ailleboust,  1657. 
Viscomte  d' Argenson,  1658.    Baron  d' Avaugour,  1661. 

3.    Governors-General,    under   royal   Govern- 
ment. 

M.  de  M6sy,  1663.  Seigneur  de  Courcelle,  1665 
[Marquis  de  Tracy,  Viceroy,  1665-7.]  Count  Front- 
enac,  1672.  M.  de  la  Barre,  1682.  Marquis  de  Den- 
onville,  1685.  Count  Frontenac,  1689.  M.  do  Cal- 
li^res,  1699.  Marquis  de  Vaudreuil,  1703.  Marquis  de 
Beauharnois,   1726.      Count    de  Galissonni^re,    1747. 


68 


APPENDIX, 


Marquis  de  la  Jonquiere,  1740.     Marquis  du  Quesne, 
X753.    Marquis  de  Vaudreuil-Cbvagnac,  1755. 


BRITISH  RULE. 

4.    Governors  of  the  Province  of  Quebec. 

Gen.  Sir  Jeflfrey  Amherst,  1766.  Gen.  James  Mur- 
^Vi  1763.  Gen.  Sir  Guy  Carleton,  1768  (Lieut.-Gov- 
ernor  from  1766.)  Gen.  Sir  Frederick"  Haldimand, 
1778.  [Hon.  Henry  Hamilton  and  Col.  Henry  Hope 
Lieut. -Governors,  1785-7.]  Lord  Dorchester  \Sir  Guy 
Garleton,)  Gov.  Gen.  of  B.  N.  A.,  1787. 

5.  Governors-General  during  the  Firrv  Years 

WHEN  Canada  was  Divided. 

Lord  Dorchester,  1791-6.  Gen.  Robert  Prescott, 
1797-1805  (Lieut.-Gov.,  1796.)  Sir  James  Craig, 
1807-11.  Sir  George  Prevost,  1811-15.  Sir  John 
Cope  Sherbrooke,  1816-1818.  Duke  of  Richmond, 
1818-19.  [Hon.  Jas.  Monk  and  Gen.  Sir  Peregrine 
Maitland,  Administrators,  1819-^0.]  Earl  of  Dal- 
housie,  1820-8.  Sir  James  Kempt,  1828-30.  Lord 
Aylmer,  1830-5.  Lord  Gosford,  1835-8.  Sir  John 
Colborne,  1838.  Lord  Durham,  1838-9.  Hon.  C.  P. 
Thompson,  1839-41. 

6.  Governors  of  Upper  Canada  from  1791  to  1841. 

Col.  Simcoe,  1792.  Hon.  P.  Russell,  (Prest.)  1796. 
Gen.  Peter  Hunter,  1799.  Hon.  Alexander  Grant, 
(Prest,)  1805.  Hon.  Francis  Gore,  1806.  Gen.  Sir 
Isaac  Brock,  (Prest.)  1811.  Gen.  Sir  Hale  Sheaffe, 
^Prest.)  1812.  Baron  De  Rotenburgh,  (Prest.)  1813. 
Gen.  Drummond,  1813.  Gen.  Murray,  1815.  Gen. 
Robinson,  1815,  Hon.  Francis  Gore,  1815.  Hon.  S, 
Smith,  (Administrator)  1817.     Sir  P.  Maitland,  181S, 


APPENDIX. 


69 


Quesne, 


rEtEC. 

les  Mur- 
ut.-Gov- 
Idimand, 
ry  Hope 
(Sir  Guy 


Y  Years 

Prescott, 
i  Craig, 
>ir  John 
;hmond, 
eregrine 
of  Dal- 
Lord 
ir  John 
1.  C.  P, 


Hon.  S.  Smith,  (Administrator,)  1820.  Sir  P.  Mail- 
land,  1820.  Sir  J  Colborne,  ,828.  Sir  F.  Bond  Head, 
1836.     Sir  J.   Colborne,  (Administrator.^  i8,ft      r..„ 


Arthur,  1838, 


iministrator,)  1838.     Gen. 


7.  Governors-General  from  the  Union  op  the 
Canadas  to  Confederation. 
Lord  Sydenham.  (Hon.  C.  P.  Thompson,)  ,841.  Sir 
Charles  Bagot,  184.-3.  Lord  Metcalfe,  ,843-6  Earl 
Cathcart,  Z846-7.  Earl  of  Elgin,  ,847-54-  Sir  Ed- 
mund Head,  1854-61.     Viscount  Monck,  iSOi-;. 

8.    Governors-General  of  the  Dominion  of 

Canada. 

Viscount  Monck,  ,867-B.  Sir  John  Young,  (Lord 
L.sgar,)  1868-72.  Earl  Dufferin,  ,87»-8.  Marqui, 
of  Lome,  2878. 


1 


to  1841. 

t.)  1796. 
Grant, 
ran.  Sir 
Sheaffe, 
:.)  1813. 
.  Gen. 
Hon.  S. 
d,  x8ia. 


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10 
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20 
10 
10 
10 


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10 


mtm 


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10 
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20 
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